src/standard.c

/*
 * General purpose functions.
 *
 * Copyright 2000-2010 Willy Tarreau <w@1wt.eu>
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
 * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version
 * 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 */

#include <ctype.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/un.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>

#include <common/config.h>
#include <common/standard.h>
#include <eb32tree.h>

/* enough to store NB_ITOA_STR integers of :
 *   2^64-1 = 18446744073709551615 or
 *    -2^63 = -9223372036854775808
 *
 * The HTML version needs room for adding the 25 characters
 * '<span class="rls"></span>' around digits at positions 3N+1 in order
 * to add spacing at up to 6 positions : 18 446 744 073 709 551 615
 */
char itoa_str[NB_ITOA_STR][171];
int itoa_idx = 0; /* index of next itoa_str to use */

/*
 * unsigned long long ASCII representation
 *
 * return the last char '\0' or NULL if no enough
 * space in dst
 */
char *ulltoa(unsigned long long n, char *dst, size_t size)
{
	int i = 0;
	char *res;

	switch(n) {
		case 1ULL ... 9ULL:
			i = 0;
			break;

		case 10ULL ... 99ULL:
			i = 1;
			break;

		case 100ULL ... 999ULL:
			i = 2;
			break;

		case 1000ULL ... 9999ULL:
			i = 3;
			break;

		case 10000ULL ... 99999ULL:
			i = 4;
			break;

		case 100000ULL ... 999999ULL:
			i = 5;
			break;

		case 1000000ULL ... 9999999ULL:
			i = 6;
			break;

		case 10000000ULL ... 99999999ULL:
			i = 7;
			break;

		case 100000000ULL ... 999999999ULL:
			i = 8;
			break;

		case 1000000000ULL ... 9999999999ULL:
			i = 9;
			break;

		case 10000000000ULL ... 99999999999ULL:
			i = 10;
			break;

		case 100000000000ULL ... 999999999999ULL:
			i = 11;
			break;

		case 1000000000000ULL ... 9999999999999ULL:
			i = 12;
			break;

		case 10000000000000ULL ... 99999999999999ULL:
			i = 13;
			break;

		case 100000000000000ULL ... 999999999999999ULL:
			i = 14;
			break;

		case 1000000000000000ULL ... 9999999999999999ULL:
			i = 15;
			break;

		case 10000000000000000ULL ... 99999999999999999ULL:
			i = 16;
			break;

		case 100000000000000000ULL ... 999999999999999999ULL:
			i = 17;
			break;

		case 1000000000000000000ULL ... 9999999999999999999ULL:
			i = 18;
			break;

		case 10000000000000000000ULL ... ULLONG_MAX:
			i = 19;
			break;
	}
	if (i + 2 > size) // (i + 1) + '\0'
		return NULL;  // too long
	res = dst + i + 1;
	*res = '\0';
	for (; i >= 0; i--) {
		dst[i] = n % 10ULL + '0';
		n /= 10ULL;
	}
	return res;
}

/*
 * unsigned long ASCII representation
 *
 * return the last char '\0' or NULL if no enough
 * space in dst
 */
char *ultoa_o(unsigned long n, char *dst, size_t size)
{
	int i = 0;
	char *res;

	switch (n) {
		case 0U ... 9UL:
			i = 0;
			break;

		case 10U ... 99UL:
			i = 1;
			break;

		case 100U ... 999UL:
			i = 2;
			break;

		case 1000U ... 9999UL:
			i = 3;
			break;

		case 10000U ... 99999UL:
			i = 4;
			break;

		case 100000U ... 999999UL:
			i = 5;
			break;

		case 1000000U ... 9999999UL:
			i = 6;
			break;

		case 10000000U ... 99999999UL:
			i = 7;
			break;

		case 100000000U ... 999999999UL:
			i = 8;
			break;
#if __WORDSIZE == 32

		case 1000000000ULL ... ULONG_MAX:
			i = 9;
			break;

#elif __WORDSIZE == 64

		case 1000000000ULL ... 9999999999UL:
			i = 9;
			break;

		case 10000000000ULL ... 99999999999UL:
			i = 10;
			break;

		case 100000000000ULL ... 999999999999UL:
			i = 11;
			break;

		case 1000000000000ULL ... 9999999999999UL:
			i = 12;
			break;

		case 10000000000000ULL ... 99999999999999UL:
			i = 13;
			break;

		case 100000000000000ULL ... 999999999999999UL:
			i = 14;
			break;

		case 1000000000000000ULL ... 9999999999999999UL:
			i = 15;
			break;

		case 10000000000000000ULL ... 99999999999999999UL:
			i = 16;
			break;

		case 100000000000000000ULL ... 999999999999999999UL:
			i = 17;
			break;

		case 1000000000000000000ULL ... 9999999999999999999UL:
			i = 18;
			break;

		case 10000000000000000000ULL ... ULONG_MAX:
			i = 19;
			break;

#endif
	}
	if (i + 2 > size) // (i + 1) + '\0'
		return NULL;  // too long
	res = dst + i + 1;
	*res = '\0';
	for (; i >= 0; i--) {
		dst[i] = n % 10U + '0';
		n /= 10U;
	}
	return res;
}

/*
 * signed long ASCII representation
 *
 * return the last char '\0' or NULL if no enough
 * space in dst
 */
char *ltoa_o(long int n, char *dst, size_t size)
{
	char *pos = dst;

	if (n < 0) {
		if (size < 3)
			return NULL; // min size is '-' + digit + '\0' but another test in ultoa
		*pos = '-';
		pos++;
		dst = ultoa_o(-n, pos, size - 1);
	} else {
		dst = ultoa_o(n, dst, size);
	}
	return dst;
}

/*
 * signed long long ASCII representation
 *
 * return the last char '\0' or NULL if no enough
 * space in dst
 */
char *lltoa(long long n, char *dst, size_t size)
{
	char *pos = dst;

	if (n < 0) {
		if (size < 3)
			return NULL; // min size is '-' + digit + '\0' but another test in ulltoa
		*pos = '-';
		pos++;
		dst = ulltoa(-n, pos, size - 1);
	} else {
		dst = ulltoa(n, dst, size);
	}
	return dst;
}

/*
 * write a ascii representation of a unsigned into dst,
 * return a pointer to the last character
 * Pad the ascii representation with '0', using size.
 */
char *utoa_pad(unsigned int n, char *dst, size_t size)
{
	int i = 0;
	char *ret;

	switch(n) {
		case 0U ... 9U:
			i = 0;
			break;

		case 10U ... 99U:
			i = 1;
			break;

		case 100U ... 999U:
			i = 2;
			break;

		case 1000U ... 9999U:
			i = 3;
			break;

		case 10000U ... 99999U:
			i = 4;
			break;

		case 100000U ... 999999U:
			i = 5;
			break;

		case 1000000U ... 9999999U:
			i = 6;
			break;

		case 10000000U ... 99999999U:
			i = 7;
			break;

		case 100000000U ... 999999999U:
			i = 8;
			break;

		case 1000000000U ... 4294967295U:
			i = 9;
			break;
	}
	if (i + 2 > size) // (i + 1) + '\0'
		return NULL;  // too long
	if (i < size)
		i = size - 2; // padding - '\0'

	ret = dst + i + 1;
	*ret = '\0';
	for (; i >= 0; i--) {
		dst[i] = n % 10U + '0';
		n /= 10U;
	}
	return ret;
}

/*
 * copies at most <size-1> chars from <src> to <dst>. Last char is always
 * set to 0, unless <size> is 0. The number of chars copied is returned
 * (excluding the terminating zero).
 * This code has been optimized for size and speed : on x86, it's 45 bytes
 * long, uses only registers, and consumes only 4 cycles per char.
 */
int strlcpy2(char *dst, const char *src, int size)
{
	char *orig = dst;
	if (size) {
		while (--size && (*dst = *src)) {
			src++; dst++;
		}
		*dst = 0;
	}
	return dst - orig;
}

/*
 * This function simply returns a locally allocated string containing
 * the ascii representation for number 'n' in decimal.
 */
char *ultoa_r(unsigned long n, char *buffer, int size)
{
	char *pos;
	
	pos = buffer + size - 1;
	*pos-- = '\0';
	
	do {
		*pos-- = '0' + n % 10;
		n /= 10;
	} while (n && pos >= buffer);
	return pos + 1;
}

/*
 * This function simply returns a locally allocated string containing
 * the ascii representation for number 'n' in decimal, formatted for
 * HTML output with tags to create visual grouping by 3 digits. The
 * output needs to support at least 171 characters.
 */
const char *ulltoh_r(unsigned long long n, char *buffer, int size)
{
	char *start;
	int digit = 0;
	
	start = buffer + size;
	*--start = '\0';
	
	do {
		if (digit == 3 && start >= buffer + 7)
			memcpy(start -= 7, "</span>", 7);

		if (start >= buffer + 1) {
			*--start = '0' + n % 10;
			n /= 10;
		}

		if (digit == 3 && start >= buffer + 18)
			memcpy(start -= 18, "<span class=\"rls\">", 18);

		if (digit++ == 3)
			digit = 1;
	} while (n && start > buffer);
	return start;
}

/*
 * This function simply returns a locally allocated string containing the ascii
 * representation for number 'n' in decimal, unless n is 0 in which case it
 * returns the alternate string (or an empty string if the alternate string is
 * NULL). It use is intended for limits reported in reports, where it's
 * desirable not to display anything if there is no limit. Warning! it shares
 * the same vector as ultoa_r().
 */
const char *limit_r(unsigned long n, char *buffer, int size, const char *alt)
{
	return (n) ? ultoa_r(n, buffer, size) : (alt ? alt : "");
}

/*
 * converts <str> to a struct sockaddr_un* which is locally allocated.
 * The format is "/path", where "/path" is a path to a UNIX domain socket.
 * NULL is returned if the socket path is invalid (too long).
 */
struct sockaddr_un *str2sun(const char *str)
{
	static struct sockaddr_un su;
	int strsz;	/* length included null */

	memset(&su, 0, sizeof(su));
	strsz = strlen(str) + 1;
	if (strsz > sizeof(su.sun_path)) {
		return NULL;
	} else {
		su.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
		memcpy(su.sun_path, str, strsz);
	}
	return &su;
}

/*
 * Returns non-zero if character <s> is a hex digit (0-9, a-f, A-F), else zero.
 *
 * It looks like this one would be a good candidate for inlining, but this is
 * not interesting because it around 35 bytes long and often called multiple
 * times within the same function.
 */
int ishex(char s)
{
	s -= '0';
	if ((unsigned char)s <= 9)
		return 1;
	s -= 'A' - '0';
	if ((unsigned char)s <= 5)
		return 1;
	s -= 'a' - 'A';
	if ((unsigned char)s <= 5)
		return 1;
	return 0;
}

/*
 * Checks <name> for invalid characters. Valid chars are [A-Za-z0-9_:.-]. If an
 * invalid character is found, a pointer to it is returned. If everything is
 * fine, NULL is returned.
 */
const char *invalid_char(const char *name)
{
	if (!*name)
		return name;

	while (*name) {
		if (!isalnum((int)(unsigned char)*name) && *name != '.' && *name != ':' &&
		    *name != '_' && *name != '-')
			return name;
		name++;
	}
	return NULL;
}

/*
 * Checks <domainname> for invalid characters. Valid chars are [A-Za-z0-9_.-].
 * If an invalid character is found, a pointer to it is returned.
 * If everything is fine, NULL is returned.
 */
const char *invalid_domainchar(const char *name) {

	if (!*name)
		return name;

	while (*name) {
		if (!isalnum((int)(unsigned char)*name) && *name != '.' &&
		    *name != '_' && *name != '-')
			return name;

		name++;
	}

	return NULL;
}

/*
 * converts <str> to a struct sockaddr_storage* which is locally allocated. The
 * string is assumed to contain only an address, no port. The address can be a
 * dotted IPv4 address, an IPv6 address, a host name, or empty or "*" to
 * indicate INADDR_ANY. NULL is returned if the host part cannot be resolved.
 * The return address will only have the address family and the address set,
 * all other fields remain zero. The string is not supposed to be modified.
 * The IPv6 '::' address is IN6ADDR_ANY.
 */
struct sockaddr_storage *str2ip(const char *str)
{
	static struct sockaddr_storage sa;
	struct hostent *he;

	memset(&sa, 0, sizeof(sa));

	/* Any IPv6 address */
	if (str[0] == ':' && str[1] == ':' && !str[2]) {
		sa.ss_family = AF_INET6;
		return &sa;
	}

	/* Any IPv4 address */
	if (!str[0] || (str[0] == '*' && !str[1])) {
		sa.ss_family = AF_INET;
		return &sa;
	}

	/* check for IPv6 first */
	if (inet_pton(AF_INET6, str, &((struct sockaddr_in6 *)&sa)->sin6_addr)) {
		sa.ss_family = AF_INET6;
		return &sa;
	}

	/* then check for IPv4 */
	if (inet_pton(AF_INET, str, &((struct sockaddr_in *)&sa)->sin_addr)) {
		sa.ss_family = AF_INET;
		return &sa;
	}

	/* try to resolve an IPv4/IPv6 hostname */
	he = gethostbyname(str);
	if (he) {
		sa.ss_family = he->h_addrtype;
		switch (sa.ss_family) {
		case AF_INET:
			((struct sockaddr_in *)&sa)->sin_addr = *(struct in_addr *) *(he->h_addr_list);
			return &sa;
		case AF_INET6:
			((struct sockaddr_in6 *)&sa)->sin6_addr = *(struct in6_addr *) *(he->h_addr_list);
			return &sa;
		}
	}
#ifdef USE_GETADDRINFO
	else {
		struct addrinfo hints, *result;

		memset(&result, 0, sizeof(result));
		memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
		hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;
		hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM;
		hints.ai_flags = AI_PASSIVE;
		hints.ai_protocol = 0;

		if (getaddrinfo(str, NULL, &hints, &result) == 0) {
			sa.ss_family = result->ai_family;
			switch (result->ai_family) {
			case AF_INET:
				memcpy((struct sockaddr_in *)&sa, result->ai_addr, result->ai_addrlen);
				return &sa;
			case AF_INET6:
				memcpy((struct sockaddr_in6 *)&sa, result->ai_addr, result->ai_addrlen);
				return &sa;
			}
		}

		if (result)
			freeaddrinfo(result);
	}
#endif
	/* unsupported address family */

	return NULL;
}

/*
 * Converts <str> to a locally allocated struct sockaddr_storage *, and a port
 * range or offset consisting in two integers that the caller will have to
 * check to find the relevant input format. The following format are supported :
 *
 *   String format           | address |  port  |  low   |  high
 *    addr                   | <addr>  |   0    |   0    |   0
 *    addr:                  | <addr>  |   0    |   0    |   0
 *    addr:port              | <addr>  | <port> | <port> | <port>
 *    addr:pl-ph             | <addr>  |  <pl>  |  <pl>  |  <ph>
 *    addr:+port             | <addr>  | <port> |   0    | <port>
 *    addr:-port             | <addr>  |-<port> | <port> |   0
 *
 * The detection of a port range or increment by the caller is made by
 * comparing <low> and <high>. If both are equal, then port 0 means no port
 * was specified. The caller may pass NULL for <low> and <high> if it is not
 * interested in retrieving port ranges.
 *
 * Note that <addr> above may also be :
 *    - empty ("")  => family will be AF_INET and address will be INADDR_ANY
 *    - "*"         => family will be AF_INET and address will be INADDR_ANY
 *    - "::"        => family will be AF_INET6 and address will be IN6ADDR_ANY
 *    - a host name => family and address will depend on host name resolving.
 *
 * Also note that in order to avoid any ambiguity with IPv6 addresses, the ':'
 * is mandatory after the IP address even when no port is specified. NULL is
 * returned if the address cannot be parsed. The <low> and <high> ports are
 * always initialized if non-null.
 *
 * If <pfx> is non-null, it is used as a string prefix before any path-based
 * address (typically the path to a unix socket).
 */
struct sockaddr_storage *str2sa_range(const char *str, int *low, int *high, char **err, const char *pfx)
{
	struct sockaddr_storage *ret = NULL;
	char *str2;
	char *port1, *port2;
	int portl, porth, porta;

	portl = porth = porta = 0;

	str2 = strdup(str);
	if (str2 == NULL) {
		memprintf(err, "out of memory in '%s'\n", __FUNCTION__);
		goto out;
	}

	port1 = strrchr(str2, ':');
	if (port1)
		*port1++ = '\0';
	else
		port1 = "";

	ret = str2ip(str2);
	if (!ret) {
		memprintf(err, "invalid address: '%s' in '%s'\n", str2, str);
		goto out;
	}

	if (isdigit(*port1)) {	/* single port or range */
		port2 = strchr(port1, '-');
		if (port2)
			*port2++ = '\0';
		else
			port2 = port1;
		portl = atoi(port1);
		porth = atoi(port2);
		porta = portl;
	}
	else if (*port1 == '-') { /* negative offset */
		portl = atoi(port1 + 1);
		porta = -portl;
	}
	else if (*port1 == '+') { /* positive offset */
		porth = atoi(port1 + 1);
		porta = porth;
	}
	else if (*port1) { /* other any unexpected char */
		memprintf(err, "invalid character '%c' in port number '%s'\n", *port1, port1);
		ret = NULL;
		goto out;
	}

	set_host_port(ret, porta);

 out:
	if (low)
		*low = portl;
	if (high)
		*high = porth;
	free(str2);
	return ret;
}

/* converts <str> to a struct in_addr containing a network mask. It can be
 * passed in dotted form (255.255.255.0) or in CIDR form (24). It returns 1
 * if the conversion succeeds otherwise non-zero.
 */
int str2mask(const char *str, struct in_addr *mask)
{
	if (strchr(str, '.') != NULL) {	    /* dotted notation */
		if (!inet_pton(AF_INET, str, mask))
			return 0;
	}
	else { /* mask length */
		char *err;
		unsigned long len = strtol(str, &err, 10);

		if (!*str || (err && *err) || (unsigned)len > 32)
			return 0;
		if (len)
			mask->s_addr = htonl(~0UL << (32 - len));
		else
			mask->s_addr = 0;
	}
	return 1;
}

/*
 * converts <str> to two struct in_addr* which must be pre-allocated.
 * The format is "addr[/mask]", where "addr" cannot be empty, and mask
 * is optionnal and either in the dotted or CIDR notation.
 * Note: "addr" can also be a hostname. Returns 1 if OK, 0 if error.
 */
int str2net(const char *str, struct in_addr *addr, struct in_addr *mask)
{
	__label__ out_free, out_err;
	char *c, *s;
	int ret_val;

	s = strdup(str);
	if (!s)
		return 0;

	memset(mask, 0, sizeof(*mask));
	memset(addr, 0, sizeof(*addr));

	if ((c = strrchr(s, '/')) != NULL) {
		*c++ = '\0';
		/* c points to the mask */
		if (!str2mask(c, mask))
			goto out_err;
	}
	else {
		mask->s_addr = ~0U;
	}
	if (!inet_pton(AF_INET, s, addr)) {
		struct hostent *he;

		if ((he = gethostbyname(s)) == NULL) {
			goto out_err;
		}
		else
			*addr = *(struct in_addr *) *(he->h_addr_list);
	}

	ret_val = 1;
 out_free:
	free(s);
	return ret_val;
 out_err:
	ret_val = 0;
	goto out_free;
}


/*
 * converts <str> to two struct in6_addr* which must be pre-allocated.
 * The format is "addr[/mask]", where "addr" cannot be empty, and mask
 * is an optionnal number of bits (128 being the default).
 * Returns 1 if OK, 0 if error.
 */
int str62net(const char *str, struct in6_addr *addr, unsigned char *mask)
{
	char *c, *s;
	int ret_val = 0;
	char *err;
	unsigned long len = 128;

	s = strdup(str);
	if (!s)
		return 0;

	memset(mask, 0, sizeof(*mask));
	memset(addr, 0, sizeof(*addr));

	if ((c = strrchr(s, '/')) != NULL) {
		*c++ = '\0'; /* c points to the mask */
		if (!*c)
			goto out_free;

		len = strtoul(c, &err, 10);
		if ((err && *err) || (unsigned)len > 128)
			goto out_free;
	}
	*mask = len; /* OK we have a valid mask in <len> */

	if (!inet_pton(AF_INET6, s, addr))
		goto out_free;

	ret_val = 1;
 out_free:
	free(s);
	return ret_val;
}


/*
 * Parse IPv4 address found in url.
 */
int url2ipv4(const char *addr, struct in_addr *dst)
{
	int saw_digit, octets, ch;
	u_char tmp[4], *tp;
	const char *cp = addr;

	saw_digit = 0;
	octets = 0;
	*(tp = tmp) = 0;

	while (*addr) {
		unsigned char digit = (ch = *addr++) - '0';
		if (digit > 9 && ch != '.')
			break;
		if (digit <= 9) {
			u_int new = *tp * 10 + digit;
			if (new > 255)
				return 0;
			*tp = new;
			if (!saw_digit) {
				if (++octets > 4)
					return 0;
				saw_digit = 1;
			}
		} else if (ch == '.' && saw_digit) {
			if (octets == 4)
				return 0;
			*++tp = 0;
			saw_digit = 0;
		} else
			return 0;
	}

	if (octets < 4)
		return 0;

	memcpy(&dst->s_addr, tmp, 4);
	return addr-cp-1;
}

/*
 * Resolve destination server from URL. Convert <str> to a sockaddr_storage*.
 */
int url2sa(const char *url, int ulen, struct sockaddr_storage *addr)
{
	const char *curr = url, *cp = url;
	int ret, url_code = 0;
	unsigned int http_code = 0;

	/* Cleanup the room */

	/* FIXME: assume IPv4 only for now */
	((struct sockaddr_in *)addr)->sin_family = AF_INET;
	((struct sockaddr_in *)addr)->sin_addr.s_addr = 0;
	((struct sockaddr_in *)addr)->sin_port = 0;

	/* Firstly, try to find :// pattern */
	while (curr < url+ulen && url_code != 0x3a2f2f) {
		url_code = ((url_code & 0xffff) << 8);
		url_code += (unsigned char)*curr++;
	}

	/* Secondly, if :// pattern is found, verify parsed stuff
	 * before pattern is matching our http pattern.
	 * If so parse ip address and port in uri.
	 * 
	 * WARNING: Current code doesn't support dynamic async dns resolver.
	 */
	if (url_code == 0x3a2f2f) {
		while (cp < curr - 3)
			http_code = (http_code << 8) + *cp++;
		http_code |= 0x20202020;			/* Turn everything to lower case */
		
		/* HTTP url matching */
		if (http_code == 0x68747470) {
			/* We are looking for IP address. If you want to parse and
			 * resolve hostname found in url, you can use str2sa_range(), but
			 * be warned this can slow down global daemon performances
			 * while handling lagging dns responses.
			 */
			ret = url2ipv4(curr, &((struct sockaddr_in *)addr)->sin_addr);
			if (!ret)
				return -1;
			curr += ret;
			((struct sockaddr_in *)addr)->sin_port = (*curr == ':') ? str2uic(++curr) : 80;
			((struct sockaddr_in *)addr)->sin_port = htons(((struct sockaddr_in *)addr)->sin_port);
		}
		return 0;
	}

	return -1;
}

/* Tries to convert a sockaddr_storage address to text form. Upon success, the
 * address family is returned so that it's easy for the caller to adapt to the
 * output format. Zero is returned if the address family is not supported. -1
 * is returned upon error, with errno set. AF_INET, AF_INET6 and AF_UNIX are
 * supported.
 */
int addr_to_str(struct sockaddr_storage *addr, char *str, int size)
{

	void *ptr;

	if (size < 5)
		return 0;
	*str = '\0';

	switch (addr->ss_family) {
	case AF_INET:
		ptr = &((struct sockaddr_in *)addr)->sin_addr;
		break;
	case AF_INET6:
		ptr = &((struct sockaddr_in6 *)addr)->sin6_addr;
		break;
	case AF_UNIX:
		memcpy(str, "unix", 5);
		return addr->ss_family;
	default:
		return 0;
	}

	if (inet_ntop(addr->ss_family, ptr, str, size))
		return addr->ss_family;

	/* failed */
	return -1;
}

/* will try to encode the string <string> replacing all characters tagged in
 * <map> with the hexadecimal representation of their ASCII-code (2 digits)
 * prefixed by <escape>, and will store the result between <start> (included)
 * and <stop> (excluded), and will always terminate the string with a '\0'
 * before <stop>. The position of the '\0' is returned if the conversion
 * completes. If bytes are missing between <start> and <stop>, then the
 * conversion will be incomplete and truncated. If <stop> <= <start>, the '\0'
 * cannot even be stored so we return <start> without writing the 0.
 * The input string must also be zero-terminated.
 */
const char hextab[16] = "0123456789ABCDEF";
char *encode_string(char *start, char *stop,
		    const char escape, const fd_set *map,
		    const char *string)
{
	if (start < stop) {
		stop--; /* reserve one byte for the final '\0' */
		while (start < stop && *string != '\0') {
			if (!FD_ISSET((unsigned char)(*string), map))
				*start++ = *string;
			else {
				if (start + 3 >= stop)
					break;
				*start++ = escape;
				*start++ = hextab[(*string >> 4) & 15];
				*start++ = hextab[*string & 15];
			}
			string++;
		}
		*start = '\0';
	}
	return start;
}

/* Decode an URL-encoded string in-place. The resulting string might
 * be shorter. If some forbidden characters are found, the conversion is
 * aborted, the string is truncated before the issue and non-zero is returned,
 * otherwise the operation returns non-zero indicating success.
 */
int url_decode(char *string)
{
	char *in, *out;
	int ret = 0;

	in = string;
	out = string;
	while (*in) {
		switch (*in) {
		case '+' :
			*out++ = ' ';
			break;
		case '%' :
			if (!ishex(in[1]) || !ishex(in[2]))
				goto end;
			*out++ = (hex2i(in[1]) << 4) + hex2i(in[2]);
			in += 2;
			break;
		default:
			*out++ = *in;
			break;
		}
		in++;
	}
	ret = 1; /* success */
 end:
	*out = 0;
	return ret;
}

unsigned int str2ui(const char *s)
{
	return __str2ui(s);
}

unsigned int str2uic(const char *s)
{
	return __str2uic(s);
}

unsigned int strl2ui(const char *s, int len)
{
	return __strl2ui(s, len);
}

unsigned int strl2uic(const char *s, int len)
{
	return __strl2uic(s, len);
}

unsigned int read_uint(const char **s, const char *end)
{
	return __read_uint(s, end);
}

/* This one is 7 times faster than strtol() on athlon with checks.
 * It returns the value of the number composed of all valid digits read,
 * and can process negative numbers too.
 */
int strl2ic(const char *s, int len)
{
	int i = 0;
	int j, k;

	if (len > 0) {
		if (*s != '-') {
			/* positive number */
			while (len-- > 0) {
				j = (*s++) - '0';
				k = i * 10;
				if (j > 9)
					break;
				i = k + j;
			}
		} else {
			/* negative number */
			s++;
			while (--len > 0) {
				j = (*s++) - '0';
				k = i * 10;
				if (j > 9)
					break;
				i = k - j;
			}
		}
	}
	return i;
}


/* This function reads exactly <len> chars from <s> and converts them to a
 * signed integer which it stores into <ret>. It accurately detects any error
 * (truncated string, invalid chars, overflows). It is meant to be used in
 * applications designed for hostile environments. It returns zero when the
 * number has successfully been converted, non-zero otherwise. When an error
 * is returned, the <ret> value is left untouched. It is yet 5 to 40 times
 * faster than strtol().
 */
int strl2irc(const char *s, int len, int *ret)
{
	int i = 0;
	int j;

	if (!len)
		return 1;

	if (*s != '-') {
		/* positive number */
		while (len-- > 0) {
			j = (*s++) - '0';
			if (j > 9)            return 1; /* invalid char */
			if (i > INT_MAX / 10) return 1; /* check for multiply overflow */
			i = i * 10;
			if (i + j < i)        return 1; /* check for addition overflow */
			i = i + j;
		}
	} else {
		/* negative number */
		s++;
		while (--len > 0) {
			j = (*s++) - '0';
			if (j > 9)             return 1; /* invalid char */
			if (i < INT_MIN / 10)  return 1; /* check for multiply overflow */
			i = i * 10;
			if (i - j > i)         return 1; /* check for subtract overflow */
			i = i - j;
		}
	}
	*ret = i;
	return 0;
}


/* This function reads exactly <len> chars from <s> and converts them to a
 * signed integer which it stores into <ret>. It accurately detects any error
 * (truncated string, invalid chars, overflows). It is meant to be used in
 * applications designed for hostile environments. It returns zero when the
 * number has successfully been converted, non-zero otherwise. When an error
 * is returned, the <ret> value is left untouched. It is about 3 times slower
 * than str2irc().
 */

int strl2llrc(const char *s, int len, long long *ret)
{
	long long i = 0;
	int j;

	if (!len)
		return 1;

	if (*s != '-') {
		/* positive number */
		while (len-- > 0) {
			j = (*s++) - '0';
			if (j > 9)              return 1; /* invalid char */
			if (i > LLONG_MAX / 10LL) return 1; /* check for multiply overflow */
			i = i * 10LL;
			if (i + j < i)          return 1; /* check for addition overflow */
			i = i + j;
		}
	} else {
		/* negative number */
		s++;
		while (--len > 0) {
			j = (*s++) - '0';
			if (j > 9)              return 1; /* invalid char */
			if (i < LLONG_MIN / 10LL) return 1; /* check for multiply overflow */
			i = i * 10LL;
			if (i - j > i)          return 1; /* check for subtract overflow */
			i = i - j;
		}
	}
	*ret = i;
	return 0;
}

/* This function parses a time value optionally followed by a unit suffix among
 * "d", "h", "m", "s", "ms" or "us". It converts the value into the unit
 * expected by the caller. The computation does its best to avoid overflows.
 * The value is returned in <ret> if everything is fine, and a NULL is returned
 * by the function. In case of error, a pointer to the error is returned and
 * <ret> is left untouched. Values are automatically rounded up when needed.
 */
const char *parse_time_err(const char *text, unsigned *ret, unsigned unit_flags)
{
	unsigned imult, idiv;
	unsigned omult, odiv;
	unsigned value;

	omult = odiv = 1;

	switch (unit_flags & TIME_UNIT_MASK) {
	case TIME_UNIT_US:   omult = 1000000; break;
	case TIME_UNIT_MS:   omult = 1000; break;
	case TIME_UNIT_S:    break;
	case TIME_UNIT_MIN:  odiv = 60; break;
	case TIME_UNIT_HOUR: odiv = 3600; break;
	case TIME_UNIT_DAY:  odiv = 86400; break;
	default: break;
	}

	value = 0;

	while (1) {
		unsigned int j;

		j = *text - '0';
		if (j > 9)
			break;
		text++;
		value *= 10;
		value += j;
	}

	imult = idiv = 1;
	switch (*text) {
	case '\0': /* no unit = default unit */
		imult = omult = idiv = odiv = 1;
		break;
	case 's': /* second = unscaled unit */
		break;
	case 'u': /* microsecond : "us" */
		if (text[1] == 's') {
			idiv = 1000000;
			text++;
		}
		break;
	case 'm': /* millisecond : "ms" or minute: "m" */
		if (text[1] == 's') {
			idiv = 1000;
			text++;
		} else
			imult = 60;
		break;
	case 'h': /* hour : "h" */
		imult = 3600;
		break;
	case 'd': /* day : "d" */
		imult = 86400;
		break;
	default:
		return text;
		break;
	}

	if (omult % idiv == 0) { omult /= idiv; idiv = 1; }
	if (idiv % omult == 0) { idiv /= omult; omult = 1; }
	if (imult % odiv == 0) { imult /= odiv; odiv = 1; }
	if (odiv % imult == 0) { odiv /= imult; imult = 1; }

	value = (value * (imult * omult) + (idiv * odiv - 1)) / (idiv * odiv);
	*ret = value;
	return NULL;
}

/* this function converts the string starting at <text> to an unsigned int
 * stored in <ret>. If an error is detected, the pointer to the unexpected
 * character is returned. If the conversio is succesful, NULL is returned.
 */
const char *parse_size_err(const char *text, unsigned *ret) {
	unsigned value = 0;

	while (1) {
		unsigned int j;

		j = *text - '0';
		if (j > 9)
			break;
		if (value > ~0U / 10)
			return text;
		value *= 10;
		if (value > (value + j))
			return text;
		value += j;
		text++;
	}

	switch (*text) {
	case '\0':
		break;
	case 'K':
	case 'k':
		if (value > ~0U >> 10)
			return text;
		value = value << 10;
		break;
	case 'M':
	case 'm':
		if (value > ~0U >> 20)
			return text;
		value = value << 20;
		break;
	case 'G':
	case 'g':
		if (value > ~0U >> 30)
			return text;
		value = value << 30;
		break;
	default:
		return text;
	}

	*ret = value;
	return NULL;
}

/* copies at most <n> characters from <src> and always terminates with '\0' */
char *my_strndup(const char *src, int n)
{
	int len = 0;
	char *ret;

	while (len < n && src[len])
		len++;

	ret = (char *)malloc(len + 1);
	if (!ret)
		return ret;
	memcpy(ret, src, len);
	ret[len] = '\0';
	return ret;
}

/* This function returns the first unused key greater than or equal to <key> in
 * ID tree <root>. Zero is returned if no place is found.
 */
unsigned int get_next_id(struct eb_root *root, unsigned int key)
{
	struct eb32_node *used;

	do {
		used = eb32_lookup_ge(root, key);
		if (!used || used->key > key)
			return key; /* key is available */
		key++;
	} while (key);
	return key;
}

/* This function compares a sample word possibly followed by blanks to another
 * clean word. The compare is case-insensitive. 1 is returned if both are equal,
 * otherwise zero. This intends to be used when checking HTTP headers for some
 * values. Note that it validates a word followed only by blanks but does not
 * validate a word followed by blanks then other chars.
 */
int word_match(const char *sample, int slen, const char *word, int wlen)
{
	if (slen < wlen)
		return 0;

	while (wlen) {
		char c = *sample ^ *word;
		if (c && c != ('A' ^ 'a'))
			return 0;
		sample++;
		word++;
		slen--;
		wlen--;
	}

	while (slen) {
		if (*sample != ' ' && *sample != '\t')
			return 0;
		sample++;
		slen--;
	}
	return 1;
}

/* Converts any text-formatted IPv4 address to a host-order IPv4 address. It
 * is particularly fast because it avoids expensive operations such as
 * multiplies, which are optimized away at the end. It requires a properly
 * formated address though (3 points).
 */
unsigned int inetaddr_host(const char *text)
{
	const unsigned int ascii_zero = ('0' << 24) | ('0' << 16) | ('0' << 8) | '0';
	register unsigned int dig100, dig10, dig1;
	int s;
	const char *p, *d;

	dig1 = dig10 = dig100 = ascii_zero;
	s = 24;

	p = text;
	while (1) {
		if (((unsigned)(*p - '0')) <= 9) {
			p++;
			continue;
		}

		/* here, we have a complete byte between <text> and <p> (exclusive) */
		if (p == text)
			goto end;

		d = p - 1;
		dig1   |= (unsigned int)(*d << s);
		if (d == text)
			goto end;

		d--;
		dig10  |= (unsigned int)(*d << s);
		if (d == text)
			goto end;

		d--;
		dig100 |= (unsigned int)(*d << s);
	end:
		if (!s || *p != '.')
			break;

		s -= 8;
		text = ++p;
	}

	dig100 -= ascii_zero;
	dig10  -= ascii_zero;
	dig1   -= ascii_zero;
	return ((dig100 * 10) + dig10) * 10 + dig1;
}

/*
 * Idem except the first unparsed character has to be passed in <stop>.
 */
unsigned int inetaddr_host_lim(const char *text, const char *stop)
{
	const unsigned int ascii_zero = ('0' << 24) | ('0' << 16) | ('0' << 8) | '0';
	register unsigned int dig100, dig10, dig1;
	int s;
	const char *p, *d;

	dig1 = dig10 = dig100 = ascii_zero;
	s = 24;

	p = text;
	while (1) {
		if (((unsigned)(*p - '0')) <= 9 && p < stop) {
			p++;
			continue;
		}

		/* here, we have a complete byte between <text> and <p> (exclusive) */
		if (p == text)
			goto end;

		d = p - 1;
		dig1   |= (unsigned int)(*d << s);
		if (d == text)
			goto end;

		d--;
		dig10  |= (unsigned int)(*d << s);
		if (d == text)
			goto end;

		d--;
		dig100 |= (unsigned int)(*d << s);
	end:
		if (!s || p == stop || *p != '.')
			break;

		s -= 8;
		text = ++p;
	}

	dig100 -= ascii_zero;
	dig10  -= ascii_zero;
	dig1   -= ascii_zero;
	return ((dig100 * 10) + dig10) * 10 + dig1;
}

/*
 * Idem except the pointer to first unparsed byte is returned into <ret> which
 * must not be NULL.
 */
unsigned int inetaddr_host_lim_ret(char *text, char *stop, char **ret)
{
	const unsigned int ascii_zero = ('0' << 24) | ('0' << 16) | ('0' << 8) | '0';
	register unsigned int dig100, dig10, dig1;
	int s;
	char *p, *d;

	dig1 = dig10 = dig100 = ascii_zero;
	s = 24;

	p = text;
	while (1) {
		if (((unsigned)(*p - '0')) <= 9 && p < stop) {
			p++;
			continue;
		}

		/* here, we have a complete byte between <text> and <p> (exclusive) */
		if (p == text)
			goto end;

		d = p - 1;
		dig1   |= (unsigned int)(*d << s);
		if (d == text)
			goto end;

		d--;
		dig10  |= (unsigned int)(*d << s);
		if (d == text)
			goto end;

		d--;
		dig100 |= (unsigned int)(*d << s);
	end:
		if (!s || p == stop || *p != '.')
			break;

		s -= 8;
		text = ++p;
	}

	*ret = p;
	dig100 -= ascii_zero;
	dig10  -= ascii_zero;
	dig1   -= ascii_zero;
	return ((dig100 * 10) + dig10) * 10 + dig1;
}

/* Convert a fixed-length string to an IP address. Returns 0 in case of error,
 * or the number of chars read in case of success. Maybe this could be replaced
 * by one of the functions above. Also, apparently this function does not support
 * hosts above 255 and requires exactly 4 octets.
 */
int buf2ip(const char *buf, size_t len, struct in_addr *dst)
{
	const char *addr;
	int saw_digit, octets, ch;
	u_char tmp[4], *tp;
	const char *cp = buf;

	saw_digit = 0;
	octets = 0;
	*(tp = tmp) = 0;

	for (addr = buf; addr - buf < len; addr++) {
		unsigned char digit = (ch = *addr) - '0';

		if (digit > 9 && ch != '.')
			break;

		if (digit <= 9) {
			u_int new = *tp * 10 + digit;

			if (new > 255)
				return 0;

			*tp = new;

			if (!saw_digit) {
				if (++octets > 4)
					return 0;
				saw_digit = 1;
			}
		} else if (ch == '.' && saw_digit) {
			if (octets == 4)
				return 0;

			*++tp = 0;
			saw_digit = 0;
		} else
			return 0;
	}

	if (octets < 4)
		return 0;

	memcpy(&dst->s_addr, tmp, 4);
	return addr - cp;
}

/* To be used to quote config arg positions. Returns the short string at <ptr>
 * surrounded by simple quotes if <ptr> is valid and non-empty, or "end of line"
 * if ptr is NULL or empty. The string is locally allocated.
 */
const char *quote_arg(const char *ptr)
{
	static char val[32];
	int i;

	if (!ptr || !*ptr)
		return "end of line";
	val[0] = '\'';
	for (i = 1; i < sizeof(val) - 2 && *ptr; i++)
		val[i] = *ptr++;
	val[i++] = '\'';
	val[i] = '\0';
	return val;
}

/* returns an operator among STD_OP_* for string <str> or < 0 if unknown */
int get_std_op(const char *str)
{
	int ret = -1;

	if (*str == 'e' && str[1] == 'q')
		ret = STD_OP_EQ;
	else if (*str == 'n' && str[1] == 'e')
		ret = STD_OP_NE;
	else if (*str == 'l') {
		if (str[1] == 'e') ret = STD_OP_LE;
		else if (str[1] == 't') ret = STD_OP_LT;
	}
	else if (*str == 'g') {
		if (str[1] == 'e') ret = STD_OP_GE;
		else if (str[1] == 't') ret = STD_OP_GT;
	}

	if (ret == -1 || str[2] != '\0')
		return -1;
	return ret;
}

/* hash a 32-bit integer to another 32-bit integer */
unsigned int full_hash(unsigned int a)
{
	return __full_hash(a);
}

/* Return non-zero if IPv4 address is part of the network,
 * otherwise zero.
 */
int in_net_ipv4(struct in_addr *addr, struct in_addr *mask, struct in_addr *net)
{
	return((addr->s_addr & mask->s_addr) == (net->s_addr & mask->s_addr));
}

/* Return non-zero if IPv6 address is part of the network,
 * otherwise zero.
 */
int in_net_ipv6(struct in6_addr *addr, struct in6_addr *mask, struct in6_addr *net)
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < sizeof(struct in6_addr) / sizeof(int); i++)
		if (((((int *)addr)[i] & ((int *)mask)[i])) !=
		    (((int *)net)[i] & ((int *)mask)[i]))
			return 0;
	return 1;
}

/* RFC 4291 prefix */
const char rfc4291_pfx[] = { 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
			     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
			     0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF };

/* Map IPv4 adress on IPv6 address, as specified in RFC 3513. */
void v4tov6(struct in6_addr *sin6_addr, struct in_addr *sin_addr)
{
	memcpy(sin6_addr->s6_addr, rfc4291_pfx, sizeof(rfc4291_pfx));
	memcpy(sin6_addr->s6_addr+12, &sin_addr->s_addr, 4);
}

/* Map IPv6 adress on IPv4 address, as specified in RFC 3513.
 * Return true if conversion is possible and false otherwise.
 */
int v6tov4(struct in_addr *sin_addr, struct in6_addr *sin6_addr)
{
	if (memcmp(sin6_addr->s6_addr, rfc4291_pfx, sizeof(rfc4291_pfx)) == 0) {
		memcpy(&(sin_addr->s_addr), &(sin6_addr->s6_addr[12]),
			sizeof(struct in_addr));
		return 1;
	}

	return 0;
}

char *human_time(int t, short hz_div) {
	static char rv[sizeof("24855d23h")+1];	// longest of "23h59m" and "59m59s"
	char *p = rv;
	int cnt=2;				// print two numbers

	if (unlikely(t < 0 || hz_div <= 0)) {
		sprintf(p, "?");
		return rv;
	}

	if (unlikely(hz_div > 1))
		t /= hz_div;

	if (t >= DAY) {
		p += sprintf(p, "%dd", t / DAY);
		cnt--;
	}

	if (cnt && t % DAY / HOUR) {
		p += sprintf(p, "%dh", t % DAY / HOUR);
		cnt--;
	}

	if (cnt && t % HOUR / MINUTE) {
		p += sprintf(p, "%dm", t % HOUR / MINUTE);
		cnt--;
	}

	if ((cnt && t % MINUTE) || !t)					// also display '0s'
		p += sprintf(p, "%ds", t % MINUTE / SEC);

	return rv;
}

const char *monthname[12] = {
	"Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
	"Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"
};

/* date2str_log: write a date in the format :
 * 	sprintf(str, "%02d/%s/%04d:%02d:%02d:%02d.%03d",
 *		tm.tm_mday, monthname[tm.tm_mon], tm.tm_year+1900,
 *		tm.tm_hour, tm.tm_min, tm.tm_sec, (int)date.tv_usec/1000);
 *
 * without using sprintf. return a pointer to the last char written (\0) or
 * NULL if there isn't enough space.
 */
char *date2str_log(char *dst, struct tm *tm, struct timeval *date, size_t size)
{

	if (size < 25) /* the size is fixed: 24 chars + \0 */
		return NULL;

	dst = utoa_pad((unsigned int)tm->tm_mday, dst, 3); // day
	*dst++ = '/';
	memcpy(dst, monthname[tm->tm_mon], 3); // month
	dst += 3;
	*dst++ = '/';
	dst = utoa_pad((unsigned int)tm->tm_year+1900, dst, 5); // year
	*dst++ = ':';
	dst = utoa_pad((unsigned int)tm->tm_hour, dst, 3); // hour
	*dst++ = ':';
	dst = utoa_pad((unsigned int)tm->tm_min, dst, 3); // minutes
	*dst++ = ':';
	dst = utoa_pad((unsigned int)tm->tm_sec, dst, 3); // secondes
	*dst++ = '.';
	utoa_pad((unsigned int)(date->tv_usec/1000), dst, 4); // millisecondes
	dst += 3;  // only the 3 first digits
	*dst = '\0';

	return dst;
}

/* gmt2str_log: write a date in the format :
 * "%02d/%s/%04d:%02d:%02d:%02d +0000" without using snprintf
 * return a pointer to the last char written (\0) or
 * NULL if there isn't enough space.
 */
char *gmt2str_log(char *dst, struct tm *tm, size_t size)
{
	if (size < 27) /* the size is fixed: 26 chars + \0 */
		return NULL;

	dst = utoa_pad((unsigned int)tm->tm_mday, dst, 3); // day
	*dst++ = '/';
	memcpy(dst, monthname[tm->tm_mon], 3); // month
	dst += 3;
	*dst++ = '/';
	dst = utoa_pad((unsigned int)tm->tm_year+1900, dst, 5); // year
	*dst++ = ':';
	dst = utoa_pad((unsigned int)tm->tm_hour, dst, 3); // hour
	*dst++ = ':';
	dst = utoa_pad((unsigned int)tm->tm_min, dst, 3); // minutes
	*dst++ = ':';
	dst = utoa_pad((unsigned int)tm->tm_sec, dst, 3); // secondes
	*dst++ = ' ';
	*dst++ = '+';
	*dst++ = '0';
	*dst++ = '0';
	*dst++ = '0';
	*dst++ = '0';
	*dst = '\0';

	return dst;
}

/* localdate2str_log: write a date in the format :
 * "%02d/%s/%04d:%02d:%02d:%02d +0000(local timezone)" without using snprintf
 * * return a pointer to the last char written (\0) or
 * * NULL if there isn't enough space.
 */
char *localdate2str_log(char *dst, struct tm *tm, size_t size)
{
	if (size < 27) /* the size is fixed: 26 chars + \0 */
		return NULL;

	dst = utoa_pad((unsigned int)tm->tm_mday, dst, 3); // day
	*dst++ = '/';
	memcpy(dst, monthname[tm->tm_mon], 3); // month
	dst += 3;
	*dst++ = '/';
	dst = utoa_pad((unsigned int)tm->tm_year+1900, dst, 5); // year
	*dst++ = ':';
	dst = utoa_pad((unsigned int)tm->tm_hour, dst, 3); // hour
	*dst++ = ':';
	dst = utoa_pad((unsigned int)tm->tm_min, dst, 3); // minutes
	*dst++ = ':';
	dst = utoa_pad((unsigned int)tm->tm_sec, dst, 3); // secondes
	*dst++ = ' ';
	memcpy(dst, localtimezone, 5); // timezone
	dst += 5;
	*dst = '\0';

	return dst;
}

/* Dynamically allocates a string of the proper length to hold the formatted
 * output. NULL is returned on error. The caller is responsible for freeing the
 * memory area using free(). The resulting string is returned in <out> if the
 * pointer is not NULL. A previous version of <out> might be used to build the
 * new string, and it will be freed before returning if it is not NULL, which
 * makes it possible to build complex strings from iterative calls without
 * having to care about freeing intermediate values, as in the example below :
 *
 *     memprintf(&err, "invalid argument: '%s'", arg);
 *     ...
 *     memprintf(&err, "parser said : <%s>\n", *err);
 *     ...
 *     free(*err);
 *
 * This means that <err> must be initialized to NULL before first invocation.
 * The return value also holds the allocated string, which eases error checking
 * and immediate consumption. If the output pointer is not used, NULL must be
 * passed instead and it will be ignored. The returned message will then also
 * be NULL so that the caller does not have to bother with freeing anything.
 *
 * It is also convenient to use it without any free except the last one :
 *    err = NULL;
 *    if (!fct1(err)) report(*err);
 *    if (!fct2(err)) report(*err);
 *    if (!fct3(err)) report(*err);
 *    free(*err);
 */
char *memprintf(char **out, const char *format, ...)
{
	va_list args;
	char *ret = NULL;
	int allocated = 0;
	int needed = 0;

	if (!out)
		return NULL;

	do {
		/* vsnprintf() will return the required length even when the
		 * target buffer is NULL. We do this in a loop just in case
		 * intermediate evaluations get wrong.
		 */
		va_start(args, format);
		needed = vsnprintf(ret, allocated, format, args) + 1;
		va_end(args);

		if (needed <= allocated)
			break;

		allocated = needed;
		ret = realloc(ret, allocated);
	} while (ret);

	if (needed < 0) {
		/* an error was encountered */
		free(ret);
		ret = NULL;
	}

	if (out) {
		free(*out);
		*out = ret;
	}

	return ret;
}

/* Used to add <level> spaces before each line of <out>, unless there is only one line.
 * The input argument is automatically freed and reassigned. The result will have to be
 * freed by the caller. It also supports being passed a NULL which results in the same
 * output.
 * Example of use :
 *   parse(cmd, &err); (callee: memprintf(&err, ...))
 *   fprintf(stderr, "Parser said: %s\n", indent_error(&err));
 *   free(err);
 */
char *indent_msg(char **out, int level)
{
	char *ret, *in, *p;
	int needed = 0;
	int lf = 0;
	int lastlf = 0;
	int len;

	if (!out || !*out)
		return NULL;

	in = *out - 1;
	while ((in = strchr(in + 1, '\n')) != NULL) {
		lastlf = in - *out;
		lf++;
	}

	if (!lf) /* single line, no LF, return it as-is */
		return *out;

	len = strlen(*out);

	if (lf == 1 && lastlf == len - 1) {
		/* single line, LF at end, strip it and return as-is */
		(*out)[lastlf] = 0;
		return *out;
	}

	/* OK now we have at least one LF, we need to process the whole string
	 * as a multi-line string. What we'll do :
	 *   - prefix with an LF if there is none
	 *   - add <level> spaces before each line
	 * This means at most ( 1 + level + (len-lf) + lf*<1+level) ) =
	 *   1 + level + len + lf * level = 1 + level * (lf + 1) + len.
	 */

	needed = 1 + level * (lf + 1) + len + 1;
	p = ret = malloc(needed);
	in = *out;

	/* skip initial LFs */
	while (*in == '\n')
		in++;

	/* copy each line, prefixed with LF and <level> spaces, and without the trailing LF */
	while (*in) {
		*p++ = '\n';
		memset(p, ' ', level);
		p += level;
		do {
			*p++ = *in++;
		} while (*in && *in != '\n');
		if (*in)
			in++;
	}
	*p = 0;

	free(*out);
	*out = ret;

	return ret;
}

/*
 * Local variables:
 *  c-indent-level: 8
 *  c-basic-offset: 8
 * End:
 */