doc/haproxy-en.txt

         		     H A - P r o x y
         		     ---------------
         		      version 1.1.25
			      willy tarreau
			       2003/10/15

============
| Abstract |
============

HA-Proxy is a TCP/HTTP reverse proxy which is particularly suited for high
availability environments. Indeed, it can :
  - route HTTP requests depending on statically assigned cookies ;
  - spread the load among several servers while assuring server persistence
    through the use of HTTP cookies ;
  - switch to backup servers in the event a main one fails ;
  - accept connections to special ports dedicated to service monitoring ;
  - stop accepting connections without breaking existing ones ;
  - add/modify/delete HTTP headers both ways ;
  - block requests matching a particular pattern ;

It needs very little resource. Its event-driven architecture allows it to easily
handle thousands of simultaneous connections on hundreds of instances without
risking the system's stability.

====================
| Start parameters |
====================

There are only a few command line options :

    -f <configuration file>
    -n <high limit for the total number of simultaneous connections>
    -N <high limit for the per-proxy number of simultaneous connections>
    -d starts in foregreound with debugging mode enabled
    -D starts in daemon mode
    -s shows statistics (only if compiled in)
    -l shows even more statistics (implies '-s')


The maximal number of connections per proxy is used as the default parameter for
each instance for which the 'maxconn' paramter is not set in the 'listen' section.

The maximal number of total connections limits the number of connections used by
the whole process if the 'maxconn' parameter is not set in the 'global' section.

The debugging mode has the same effect as the 'debug' option in the 'global'
section. When the proxy runs in this mode, it dumps every connections,
disconnections, timestamps, and HTTP headers to stdout. This should NEVER
be used in an init script since it will prevent the system from starting up.

Statistics are only available if compiled in with the 'STATTIME' option. It's
only used during code optimization phases.

======================
| Configuration file |
======================

Structure
=========

The configuration file parser ignores empty lines, spaces, tabs. Anything
between a sharp ('#') not following a backslash ('\'), and the end of a line
constitutes a comment and is ignored too.

The configuration file is segmented in sections. A section begins whenever
one of these 3 keywords are encountered :

  - 'global'
  - 'listen'
  - 'defaults'

Every parameter refer to the section beginning at the last one of these 3
keywords.


1) Global parameters
====================

Global parameters affect the whole process behaviour. They are all set in the
'global' section. There may be several 'global' sections if needed, but their
parameters will only be merged. Allowed parameters in 'global' section include
the following ones :

  - log <address> <facility> [max_level]
  - maxconn <number>
  - uid <user id>
  - gid <group id>
  - chroot <directory>
  - nbproc <number>
  - daemon
  - debug
  - quiet

1.1) Event logging
------------------
Most events are logged : start, stop, servers going up and down, connections and
errors. Each event generates a syslog message which can be sent to up to 2
servers. The syntax is :

    log <ip_address> <facility> [max_level]

Connections are logged at level "info". Services initialization and servers
going up are logged at level "notice", termination signals are logged at
"warning", and definitive service termination, as well as loss of servers are
logged at level "alert". The optional parameter <max_level> specifies above
what level messages should be sent. Level can take one of these 8 values :

    emerg, alert, crit, err, warning, notice, info, debug

For backwards compatibility with versions 1.1.16 and earlier, the default level
value is "debug" if not specified.

Permitted facilities are :
    kern, user, mail, daemon, auth, syslog, lpr, news,
    uucp, cron, auth2, ftp, ntp, audit, alert, cron2,
    local0, local1, local2, local3, local4, local5, local6, local7

According to RFC3164, messages are truncated to 1024 bytes before being emitted.

Example :
---------
    global
	log 192.168.2.200 local3
	log 127.0.0.1     local4 notice

1.2) limiting the number of connections
---------------------------------------
It is possible and recommended to limit the global number of per-process
connections. Since one connection includes both a client and a server, it
means that the max number of TCP sessions will be about the double of this
number. It's important to understand this when trying to find best values
for 'ulimit -n' before starting the proxy. To anticipate the number of
sockets needed, all these parameters must be counted :

  - 1 socket per incoming connection
  - 1 socket per outgoing connection
  - 1 socket per address/port/proxy tuple.
  - 1 socket per server being health-checked
  - 1 socket for all logs

In simple configurations where each proxy only listens one one address/port,
set the limit of file descriptors (ulimit -n) to 
(2 * maxconn + nbproxies + nbservers + 1). In a future release, haproxy may
be able to set this value itself.

1.3) Drop of priviledges
------------------------
In order to reduce the risk and consequences of attacks, in the event where a
yet non-identified vulnerability would be successfully exploited, it's possible
to lower the process priviledges and even isolate it in a riskless directory.

In the 'global' section, the 'uid' parameter sets a numerical user identifier
which the process will switch to after binding its listening sockets. The value
'0', which normally represents the super-user, here indicates that the UID must
not change during startup. It's the default behaviour. The 'gid' parameter does
the same for the group identifier. It's particularly advised against use of
generic accounts such as 'nobody' because it has the same consequences as using
'root' if other services use them.

The 'chroot' parameter makes the process isolate itself in an empty directory
just before switching its UID. This type of isolation (chroot) can sometimes
be worked around on certain OS (Linux, Solaris), provided that the attacker
has gained 'root' priviledges and has the ability to use or create a directory.
For this reason, it's capital to use a dedicated directory and not to share one
between several services of different nature. To make isolation more resistant,
it's recommended to use an empty directory without any right, and to change the
UID of the process so that it cannot do anything there.

Note: in the event where such a vulnerability would be exploited, it's most
likely that first attempts would kill the process due to 'Segmentation Fault',
'Bus Error' or 'Illegal Instruction' signals. Eventhough it's true that
isolating the server reduces the risks of intrusion, it's sometimes useful to
find why a process dies, via the analysis of a 'core' file, although very rare
(the last bug of this sort was fixed in 1.1.9). For security reasons, most
systems disable the generation of core file when a process changes its UID. So
the two workarounds are either to start the process from a restricted user
account, which will not be able to chroot itself, or start it as root and not
change the UID. In both cases the core will be either in the start or the chroot
directories. Do not forget to allow core dumps prior to start the process :

# ulimit -c unlimited

Example :
---------

    global
	uid	30000
	gid	30000
	chroot  /var/chroot/haproxy

1.4) Startup modes
------------------
The service can start in several different :
  - foreground / background
  - quiet / normal / debug

The default mode is normal, foreground, which means that the program doesn't
return once started. NEVER EVER use this mode in a system startup script, or
the system won't boot. It needs to be started in background, so that it
returns immediately after forking. That's accomplished by the 'daemon' option
in the 'global' section, which is the equivalent of the '-D' command line
argument.

Moreover, certain alert messages are still sent to the standard output even
in 'daemon' mode. To make them disappear, simply add the 'quiet' option in the
'global' section. This option has no command-line equivalent.

Last, the 'debug' mode, enabled with the 'debug' option in the 'global' section,
and which is equivalent of the '-d' option, allows deep TCP/HTTP analysis, with
timestamped display of each connection, disconnection, and HTTP headers for both
ways. This mode is incompatible with 'daemon' and 'quiet' modes for obvious
reasons.

1.5) Increasing the overall processing power
--------------------------------------------
On multi-processor systems, it may seem to be a shame to use only one processor,
eventhough the load needed to saturate a recent processor are far above common
usage. Anyway, for very specific needs, the proxy can start several processes
between which the operating system will spread the incoming connections. The
number of processes is controlled by the 'nbproc' parameter in the 'global'
section. It defaults to 1, and obviously works only in 'daemon' mode.

Example :
---------

    global
	daemon
	quiet
	nbproc	2


2) Declaration of a listening service
=====================================

Service sections start with the 'listen' keyword :

    listen <instance_name> [ <IP_address>:<port_range>[,...] ]

- <instance_name> is the name of the instance. This name will be reported in
  logs, so it is good to have it reflect the proxied service. No unicity test
  is done on this name, and it's not mandatory for it to be unique, but highly
  recommended.

- <IP_address> is the IP address the proxy binds to. Empty address, '*' and
  '0.0.0.0' all mean that the proxy listens to all valid addresses on the
  system.

- <port_range> is either a unique port, or a port range for which the proxy will
  accept connections for the IP address specified above. This range can be :
    - a numerical port (ex: '80')
    - a dash-delimited ports range explicitly stating the lower and upper bounds
      (ex: '2000-2100') which are included in the range.

  Particular care must be taken against port ranges, because every <addr:port>
  couple consumes one socket (=a file descriptor), so it's easy to eat lots of
  descriptors with a simple range. The <addr:port> couple must be used only once
  among all instances running on a same system. Please note that attaching to
  ports lower than 1024 need particular priviledges to start the program, which
  are independant of the 'uid' parameter.

- the <IP_address>:<port_range> couple may be repeated indefinitely to require
  the proxy to listen to other addresses and/or ports. To achieve this, simply
  separate them with a coma.

Examples :
---------
    listen http_proxy :80
    listen x11_proxy 127.0.0.1:6000-6009
    listen smtp_proxy 127.0.0.1:25,127.0.0.1:587
    listen ldap_proxy :389,:663

In the event that all addresses do not fit line width, it's preferable to
detach secondary addresses on other lines with the 'bind' keyword. If this
keyword is used, it's not even necessary to specify the first address on the
'listen' line, which sometimes makes multiple configuration handling easier :

    bind [ <IP_address>:<port_range>[,...] ]

Examples :
----------
    listen http_proxy
        bind :80,:443
	bind 10.0.0.1:10080,10.0.0.1:10443

2.1) Inhibiting a service
-------------------------
A service may be disabled for maintenance reasons, without needing to comment
out the whole section, simply by specifying the 'disabled' keyword in the
section to be disabled :

    listen smtp_proxy 0.0.0.0:25
	disabled

Note: the 'enabled' keyword allows to enable a service which has been disabled
      previously by a default configuration.

2.2) Modes of operation
-----------------------
A service can work in 3 different distinct modes :
  - TCP
  - HTTP
  - monitoring

TCP mode
--------
In this mode, the service relays TCP connections as soon as they're established,
towards one or several servers. No processing is done on the stream. It's only
an association of source(addr:port) -> destination(addr:port). To use this mode,
you must specify 'mode tcp' in the 'listen' section. This is the default mode.

Example :
---------
    listen smtp_proxy 0.0.0.0:25
	mode tcp

HTTP mode
---------
In this mode, the service relays TCP connections towards one or several servers,
when it has enough informations to decide, which normally means that all HTTP
headers have been read. Some of them may be scanned for a cookie or a pattern
matching a regex. To use this mode, specify 'mode http' in the 'listen' section.

Example :
---------
    listen http_proxy 0.0.0.0:80
	mode http

Health-checking mode
--------------------
This mode provides a way for external components to check the proxy's health.
It is meant to be used with intelligent load-balancers which can use send/expect
scripts to check for all of their servers' availability. This one simply accepts
the connection, returns the word 'OK' and closes it. If the 'option httpchk' is
set, then the reply will be 'HTTP/1.0 200 OK' with no data, so that it can be
tested from a tool which supports HTTP health-checks. To enable it, simply
specify 'health' as the working mode :

Example :
---------
    # simple response : 'OK'
    listen health_check 0.0.0.0:60000
	mode health

    # HTTP response : 'HTTP/1.0 200 OK'
    listen http_health_check 0.0.0.0:60001
	mode health
	option httpchk


2.3) Limiting the number of simultaneous connections
----------------------------------------------------
The 'maxconn' parameter allows a proxy to refuse connections above a certain
amount of simultaneous ones. When the limit is reached, it simply stops
listening, but the system may still be accepting them because of the back log
queue. These connections will be processed further when other ones have freed
some slots. This provides a serialization effect which helps very fragile
servers resist to high loads. Se further for system limitations.

Example :
---------
    listen tiny_server 0.0.0.0:80
        maxconn 10


2.4) Soft stop
--------------
It is possible to stop services without breaking existing connections by the
sending of the SIG_USR1 signal to the process. All services are then put into
soft-stop state, which means that they will refuse to accept new connections,
except for those which have a non-zero value in the 'grace' parameter, in which
case they will still accept connections for the specified amount of time, in
milliseconds. This allows to tell a load-balancer that the service is failing,
while still doing the job during the time it needs to detect it.

Note: active connections are never killed. In the worst case, the user will have
to wait for all of them to close or to time-out, or simply kill the process
normally (SIG_TERM). The default 'grace' value is '0'.

Example :
---------
    # enter soft stop after 'killall -USR1 haproxy'
    # the service will still run 10 seconds after the signal
    listen http_proxy 0.0.0.0:80
	mode http
	grace 10000

    # this port is dedicated to a load-balancer, and must fail immediately
    listen health_check 0.0.0.0:60000
	mode health
	grace 0


2.5) Connections expiration time
--------------------------------
It is possible (and recommended) to configure several time-outs on TCP
connections. Three independant timers are adjustable with values specified
in milliseconds. A session will be terminated if either one of these timers
expire.

  - the time we accept to wait for data from the client, or for the client to
    accept data : 'clitimeout' :

	# client time-out set to 2mn30.
	clitimeout	150000

  - the time we accept to wait for data from the server, or for the server to
    accept data : 'srvtimeout' :

	# server time-out set to 30s.
	srvtimeout	30000

  - the time we accept to wait for a connection to establish on a server :
    'contimeout' :

        # we give up if the connection does not complete within 4 seconds
	contimeout	4000

Notes :
-------
  - 'contimeout' and 'srvtimeout' have no sense on 'health' mode servers ;
  - under high loads, or with a saturated or defective network, it's possible
    that some packets get lost. Since the first TCP retransmit only happens
    after 3 seconds, a time-out equal to, or lower than 3 seconds cannot
    compensate for a packet loss. A 4 seconds time-out seems a reasonable
    minimum which will considerably reduce connection failures.

2.6) Attempts to reconnect
--------------------------
After a connection failure to a server, it is possible to retry, potentially
on another server. This is useful if health-checks are too rare and you don't
want the clients to see the failures. The number of attempts to reconnect is
set by the 'retries' paramter.

Example :
---------
	# we can retry 3 times max after a failure
	retries 3


2.7) Address of the dispatch server (deprecated)
------------------------------------------------
The server which will be sent all new connections is defined by the 'dispatch'
parameter, in the form <address>:<port>. It generally is dedicated to unknown
connections and will assign them a cookie, in case of HTTP persistence mode,
or simply is a single server in case of generic TCP proxy. This old mode is only
provided for backwards compatibility, but doesn't allow to check remote servers
state, and has a rather limited usage. All new setups should switch to 'balance'
mode. The principle of the dispatcher is to be able to perform the load
balancing itself, but work only on new clients so that the server doesn't need
to be a big machine.

Example :
---------
   	# all new connections go there
	dispatch 192.168.1.2:80

Note :
------
This parameter has no sense for 'health' servers, and is incompatible with
'balance' mode.


2.8) Outgoing source address
----------------------------
It is often necessary to bind to a particular address when connecting to some
remote hosts. This is done via the 'source' parameter which is a per-proxy
parameter. A newer version may allow to fix different sources to reach different
servers. The syntax is 'source <address>[:<port>]', where <address> is a valid
local address (or '0.0.0.0' or '*' or empty to let the system choose), and
<port> is an optional parameter allowing the user to force the source port for
very specific needs. If the port is not specified or is '0', the system will
choose a free port. Note that as of version 1.1.18, the servers health checks
are also performed from the same source.

Examples :
----------
    listen http_proxy *:80
   	# all connections take 192.168.1.200 as source address
	source 192.168.1.200:0

    listen rlogin_proxy *:513
   	# use address 192.168.1.200 and the reserved port 900 (needs to be root)
	source 192.168.1.200:900


2.9) Setting the cookie name
----------------------------
In HTTP mode, it is possible to look for a particular cookie which will contain
a server identifier which should handle the connection. The cookie name is set
via the 'cookie' parameter.

Example :
---------
    listen http_proxy :80
	mode http
	cookie SERVERID

It is possible to change the cookie behaviour to get a smarter persistence,
depending on applications. It is notably possible to delete or modify a cookie
emitted by a server, insert a cookie identifying the server in an HTTP response
and even add a header to tell upstream caches not to cache this response.

Examples :
----------

To remove the cookie for direct accesses (ie when the server matches the one
which was specified in the client cookie) :

	cookie SERVERID indirect

To replace the cookie value with the one assigned to the server if any (no
cookie will be created if the server does not provide one, nor if the
configuration does not provide one). This lets the application put the cookie
exactly on certain pages (eg: successful authentication) :

	cookie SERVERID rewrite

To create a new cookie and assign the server identifier to it (in this case, all
servers should be associated with a valid cookie, since no cookie will simply
delete the cookie from the client's browser) :

	cookie SERVERID insert

To insert a cookie and ensure that no upstream cache will store it, add the
'nocache' option :

	cookie SERVERID insert nocache

To insert a cookie only after a POST request, add 'postonly' after 'insert'.
This has the advantage that there's no risk of caching, and that all pages
seen before the POST one can still be cached :

	cookie SERVERID insert postonly

Notes :
-----------
- it is possible to combine 'insert' with 'indirect' or 'rewrite' to adapt to
  applications which already generate the cookie with an invalid content.

- in the case where 'insert' and 'indirect' are both specified, the cookie is
  never transmitted to the server, since it wouldn't understand it. This is
  the most application-transparent mode.

- it is particularly recommended to use 'nocache' in 'insert' mode if any
  upstream HTTP/1.0 cache is susceptible to cache the result, because this may
  lead to many clients going to the same server, or even worse, some clients
  having their server changed while retrieving a page from the cache.

- when the application is well known and controlled, the best method is to
  only add the persistence cookie on a POST form because it's up to the
  application to select which page it wants the upstream servers to cache.
  In this case, you would use 'insert postonly indirect'.

2.10) Associating a cookie value with a server
----------------------------------------------
In HTTP mode, it's possible to associate a cookie value to each server. This
was initially used in combination with 'dispatch' mode to handle direct accesses
but it is now the standard way of doing the load balancing. The syntax is :

    server <identifier> <address>:<port> cookie <value>

- <identifier> is any name which can be used to identify the server in the logs.
- <address>:<port> specifies where the server is bound.
- <value> is the value to put in or to read from the cookie.

Example : the 'SERVERID' cookie can be either 'server01' or 'server02'
---------
    listen http_proxy :80
	mode http
	cookie SERVERID
	dispatch 192.168.1.100:80
	server web1 192.168.1.1:80 cookie server01
	server web2 192.168.1.2:80 cookie server02

Warning : the syntax has changed since version 1.0 !
---------

3) Autonomous load balancer
===========================

The proxy can perform the load-balancing itself, both in TCP and in HTTP modes.
This is the most interesting mode which obsoletes the old 'dispatch' mode
described above. It has advantages such as server health monitoring, multiple
port binding and port mapping. To use this mode, the 'balance' keyword is used,
followed by the selected algorithm. As of version 1.1.23, only 'roundrobin' is
available, which is also the default value if unspecified. In this mode, there
will be no dispatch address, but the proxy needs at least one server.

Example : same as the last one, with internal load balancer
---------

    listen http_proxy :80
	mode http
	cookie SERVERID
	balance roundrobin
	server web1 192.168.1.1:80 cookie server01
	server web2 192.168.1.2:80 cookie server02


Since version 1.1.22, it is possible to automatically determine on which port
the server will get the connection, depending on the port the client connected
to. Indeed, there now are 4 possible combinations for the server's <port> field:

  - unspecified or '0' :
    the connection will be sent to the same port as the one on which the proxy
    received the client connection itself.

  - numerical value (the only one supported in versions earlier than 1.1.22) :
    the connection will always be sent to the specified port.

  - '+' followed by a numerical value :
    the connection will be sent to the same port as the one on which the proxy
    received the connection, plus this value.

  - '-' followed by a numerical value :
    the connection will be sent to the same port as the one on which the proxy
    received the connection, minus this value.
    
Examples :
----------

# same as previous example

    listen http_proxy :80
	mode http
	cookie SERVERID
	balance roundrobin
	server web1 192.168.1.1 cookie server01
	server web2 192.168.1.2 cookie server02

# simultaneous relaying of ports 80, 81 and 8080-8089

    listen http_proxy :80,:81,:8080-8089
	mode http
	cookie SERVERID
	balance roundrobin
	server web1 192.168.1.1 cookie server01
	server web2 192.168.1.2 cookie server02

# relaying of TCP ports 25, 389 and 663 to ports 1025, 1389 and 1663

    listen http_proxy :25,:389,:663
	mode tcp
	balance roundrobin
	server srv1 192.168.1.1:+1000
	server srv2 192.168.1.2:+1000


3.1) Server monitoring
----------------------

It is possible to check the servers status by trying to establish TCP
connections or even sending HTTP requests to them. A server which fails to
reply to health checks as expected will not be used by the load balancing
algorithms. To enable monitoring, add the 'check' keyword on a server line.
It is possible to specify the interval between tests (in milliseconds) with
the 'inter' parameter, the number of failures supported before declaring that
the server has fallen down with the 'fall' parameter, and the number of valid
checks needed for the server to fully get up with the 'rise' parameter. Since
version 1.1.22, it is also possible to send checks to a different port
(mandatory when none is specified) with the 'port' parameter. The default
values are the following ones :

  - inter : 2000
  - rise  : 2
  - fall  : 3
  - port  : default server port

The default mode consists in establishing TCP connections only. But in certain
types of application failures, it is often that the server continues to accept
connections because the system does it itself while the application is running
an endless loop, or is completely stuck. So in version 1.1.16 were introduced
HTTP health checks which only performed simple lightweight requests and analysed
the response. Now, as of version 1.1.23, it is possible to change the HTTP
method, the URI, and the HTTP version string (which even allows to send headers
with a dirty trick). To enable HTTP health-checks, use 'option httpchk'.

By default, requests use the 'OPTIONS' method because it's very light and easy
to filter from logs, and does it on '/'. Only HTTP responses 2xx and 3xx are
considered valid ones, and only if they come before the time to send a new
request is reached ('inter' parameter). If some servers block this type of
request, 3 other forms help to forge a request :

  - option httpchk               -> OPTIONS / HTTP/1.0
  - option httpchk URI           -> OPTIONS <URI> HTTP/1.0
  - option httpchk METH URI      -> <METH> <URI> HTTP/1.0
  - option httpchk METH URI VER  -> <METH> <URI> <VER>

See examples below.

Since version 1.1.17, it is possible to specify backup servers. These servers
are only sollicited when no other server is available. This may only be useful
to serve a maintenance page, or define one active and one backup server (seldom
used in TCP mode). To make a server a backup one, simply add the 'backup' option
on its line. These servers also support cookies, so if a cookie is specified for
a backup server, clients assigned to this server will stick to it even when the
other ones come back. Conversely, if no cookie is assigned to such a server,
the clients will get their cookies removed (empty cookie = removal), and will
be balanced against other servers once they come back. Please note that there
is no load-balancing among backup servers. If there are several backup servers,
the second one will only be used when the first one dies, and so on.

Since version 1.1.17, it is also possible to visually check the status of all
servers at once. For this, you just have to send a SIGHUP signal to the proxy.
The servers status will be dumped into the logs at the 'notice' level, as well
as on <stderr> if not closed. For this reason, it's always a good idea to have
one local log server at the 'notice' level.

Examples :
----------
# same setup as in  paragraph 3) with TCP monitoring
    listen http_proxy 0.0.0.0:80
	mode http
	cookie SERVERID
	balance roundrobin
	server web1 192.168.1.1:80 cookie server01 check
	server web2 192.168.1.2:80 cookie server02 check inter 500 rise 1 fall 2

# same with HTTP monitoring via 'OPTIONS / HTTP/1.0'
    listen http_proxy 0.0.0.0:80
	mode http
	cookie SERVERID
	balance roundrobin
	option httpchk
	server web1 192.168.1.1:80 cookie server01 check
	server web2 192.168.1.2:80 cookie server02 check inter 500 rise 1 fall 2

# same with HTTP monitoring via 'OPTIONS /index.html HTTP/1.0'
    listen http_proxy 0.0.0.0:80
	mode http
	cookie SERVERID
	balance roundrobin
	option httpchk /index.html
	server web1 192.168.1.1:80 cookie server01 check
	server web2 192.168.1.2:80 cookie server02 check inter 500 rise 1 fall 2

# same with HTTP monitoring via 'HEAD /index.jsp? HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: www'
    listen http_proxy 0.0.0.0:80
	mode http
	cookie SERVERID
	balance roundrobin
	option httpchk HEAD /index.jsp? HTTP/1.1\r\nHost:\ www
	server web1 192.168.1.1:80 cookie server01 check
	server web2 192.168.1.2:80 cookie server02 check inter 500 rise 1 fall 2

# automatic insertion of a cookie in the server's response, and automatic
# deletion of the cookie in the client request, while asking upstream caches
# not to cache replies.
    listen web_appl 0.0.0.0:80
	mode http
	cookie SERVERID insert nocache indirect
	balance roundrobin
	server web1 192.168.1.1:80 cookie server01 check
	server web2 192.168.1.2:80 cookie server02 check

# same with off-site application backup and local error pages server
    listen web_appl 0.0.0.0:80
	mode http
	cookie SERVERID insert nocache indirect
	balance roundrobin
	server web1 192.168.1.1:80 cookie server01 check
	server web2 192.168.1.2:80 cookie server02 check
	server web-backup 192.168.2.1:80 cookie server03 check backup
	server web-excuse 192.168.3.1:80 check backup

# SMTP+TLS relaying with heakth-checks and backup servers

    listen http_proxy :25,:587
	mode tcp
	balance roundrobin
	server srv1 192.168.1.1 check port 25 inter 30000 rise 1 fall 2
	server srv2 192.168.1.2 backup


3.2) Redistribute connections in case of failure
------------------------------------------------
In HTTP mode, if a server designated by a cookie does not respond, the clients
may definitely stick to it because they cannot flush the cookie, so they will
not be able to access the service anymore. Specifying 'redispatch' will allow
the proxy to break their persistence and redistribute them to working servers.

Example :
---------
    listen http_proxy 0.0.0.0:80
	mode http
	cookie SERVERID
	dispatch 192.168.1.100:80
	server web1 192.168.1.1:80 cookie server01
	server web2 192.168.1.2:80 cookie server02
	redispatch # send back to dispatch in case of connection failure

Up to, and including version 1.1.16, this parameter only applied to connection
failures. Since version 1.1.17, it also applies to servers which have been
detected as failed by the health check mechanism. Indeed, a server may be broken
but still accepting connections, which would not solve every case. But it is
possible to conserve the old behaviour, that is, make a client insist on trying
to connect to a server even if it is said to be down, by setting the 'persist'
option :

    listen http_proxy 0.0.0.0:80
	mode http
	option persist
	cookie SERVERID
	dispatch 192.168.1.100:80
	server web1 192.168.1.1:80 cookie server01
	server web2 192.168.1.2:80 cookie server02
	redispatch # send back to dispatch in case of connection failure


4) Additionnal features
=======================

Other features are available. They are transparent mode, event logging and
header rewriting/filtering.

4.1) Transparent mode
---------------------
In HTTP mode, the 'transparent' keyword allows to intercept sessions which are
routed through the system hosting the proxy. This mode was implemented as a
replacement for the 'dispatch' mode, since connections without cookie will be
sent to the original address while known cookies will be sent to the servers.
This mode implies that the system can redirect sessions to a local port.

Example :
---------
    listen http_proxy 0.0.0.0:65000
	mode http
	transparent
	cookie SERVERID
	server server01 192.168.1.1:80
	server server02 192.168.1.2:80

    # iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -p tcp -d 192.168.1.100 \
      --dport 80 -j REDIRECT --to-ports 65000

Note :
------
If the port is left unspecified on the server, the port the client connected to
will be used. This allows to relay a full port range without using transparent
mode nor thousands of file descriptors, provided that the system can redirect
sessions to local ports.

Example :
---------
    # redirect all ports to local port 65000, then forward to the server on the
    # original port.
    listen http_proxy 0.0.0.0:65000
	mode tcp
	server server01 192.168.1.1 check port 60000
	server server02 192.168.1.2 check port 60000

    # iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -p tcp -d 192.168.1.100 \
      -j REDIRECT --to-ports 65000


4.2) Event logging
------------------
4.2.1) Log levels
-----------------
TCP and HTTP connections can be logged with informations such as date, time,
source IP address, destination address, connection duration, response times,
HTTP request, the HTTP return code, number of bytes transmitted, the conditions
in which the session ended, and even exchanged cookies values, to track a
particular user's problems for example. All messages are sent to up to two
syslog servers. Consult section 1.1 for more info about log facilities. The
syntax follows :

    log <address_1> <facility_1> [max_level_1]
    log <address_2> <facility_2> [max_level_2]
or
    log global

Note :
------
The particular syntax 'log global' means that the same log configuration as the
'global' section will be used.

Example :
---------
    listen http_proxy 0.0.0.0:80
	mode http
	log 192.168.2.200 local3
	log 192.168.2.201 local4

4.2.2) Log format
-----------------
By default, connections are logged at the TCP level, as soon as the session
establishes between the client and the proxy. By enabling the 'tcplog' option,
the proxy will wait until the session ends to generate an enhanced log
containing more information such as session duration and its state during the
disconnection.

Another option, 'httplog', provides more detailed information about HTTP
contents, such as the request and some cookies. In the event where an external
component would establish frequent connections to check the service, logs may be
full of useless lines. So it is possible not to log any session which didn't
transfer any data, by the setting of the 'dontlognull' option. This only has
effect on sessions which are established then closed.

Example :
---------
    listen http_proxy 0.0.0.0:80
	mode http
	option httplog
	option dontlognull
	log 192.168.2.200 local3

4.2.3) Timing events
--------------------
Timers provide a great help in trouble shooting network problems. All values
are reported in milliseconds (ms). In HTTP mode, four control points are
reported under the form 'Tq/Tc/Tr/Tt' :

  - Tq: total time to get the client request.
    It's the time elapsed between the moment the client connection was accepted
    and the moment the proxy received the last HTTP header. The value '-1'
    indicates that the end of headers (empty line) has never been seen.

  - Tc: total time to establish the TCP connection to the server.
    It's the time elapsed between the moment the proxy sent the connection
    request, and the moment it was acknowledged, or between the TCP SYN packet
    and the matching SYN/ACK in return. The value '-1' means that the
    connection never established.

  - Tr: server response time. It's the time elapsed between the moment the
    TCP connection was established to the server and the moment it send its
    complete response header. It purely shows its request processing time,
    without the network overhead due to the data transmission. The value '-1'
    means that the last the response header (empty line) was never seen.

  - Tt: total session duration time, between the moment the proxy accepted it
    and the moment both ends were closed. From this one, we can deduce Td,
    the data transmission time, by substracting other timers when valid :

        Td = Tt - (Tq + Tc + Tr)

    Timers with '-1' values have to be excluded from this equation.

In TCP mode ('option tcplog'), only Tc and Tt are reported.

These timers provide precious indications on trouble causes. Since the TCP
protocol defines retransmit delays of 3, 6, 12... seconds, we know for sure
that timers close to multiples of 3s are nearly always related to packets lost
due to network problems (wires or negociation). Moreover, if <Tt> is close to
a timeout value specified in the configuration, it often means that a session
has been aborted on time-out.

Most common cases :

  - If Tq is close to 3000, a packet has probably been lost between the client
    and the proxy.
  - If Tc is close to 3000, a packet has probably been lost between the server
    and the proxy during the server connection phase. This one should always be
    very low (less than a few tens).
  - If Tr is nearly always lower than 3000 except some rare values which seem to
    be the average majored by 3000, there are probably some packets lost between
    the proxy and the server.
  - If Tt is often slightly higher than a time-out, it's often because the
    client and the server use HTTP keep-alive and the session is maintained
    after the response ends. Se further for how to disable HTTP keep-alive.

Other cases ('xx' means any value to be ignored) :
  -1/xx/xx/Tt : the client was not able to send its complete request in time,
	        or that it aborted it too early.
  Tq/-1/xx/Tt : the connection could not establish on the server. Either it
		refused it or it timed out after Tt-Tq ms.
  Tq/Tc/-1/Tt : the server has accepted the connection but did not return a
		complete response in time, or it closed its connexion
		unexpectedly, after Tt-(Tq+Tc) ms.

4.2.4) Session state at disconnection
-------------------------------------
TCP and HTTP logs provide a session completion indicator. It's a 4-characters
(2 in TCP) field preceeding the HTTP request, and indicating :
  - On the first character, a code reporting the first event which caused the
    session to terminate :

        C : the TCP session was aborted by the client.
	S : the TCP session was aborted by the server, or the server refused it.
	P : the session was abordted prematurely by the proxy, either because of
	    an internal error, or because a DENY filter was matched.
	c : the client time-out expired first.
	s : the server time-out expired first.
	- : normal session completion.

  - on the second character, the HTTP session state when it was closed :

        R : waiting for complete REQUEST from the client
	C : waiting for CONNECTION to establish on the server
	H : waiting for complete HEADERS from the server
	D : the session was in the DATA phase
	L : the proxy was still transmitting LAST data to the client while the
	    server had already finished.
	- : normal session completion after end of data transfer.

  - the third character tells whether the persistence cookie was provided by
    the client (only in HTTP mode) :

        N : the client provided NO cookie.
	I : the client provided an INVALID cookie matching no known server.
	D : the client provided a cookie designating a server which was DOWN,
	    so either the 'persist' option was used and the client was sent to
	    this server, or it was not set and the client was redispatched to
	    another server.
	V : the client provided a valid cookie, and was sent to the associated
	    server.
	- : does not apply (no cookie set in configuration).

  - the last character reports what operations were performed on the persistence
    cookie returned by the server (only in HTTP mode) :

        N : NO cookie was provided by the server.
        P : a cookie was PROVIDED by the server and transmitted as-is.
	I : no cookie was provided by the server, and one was INSERTED by the
	    proxy.
	D : the cookie provided by the server was DELETED by the proxy.
	R : the cookie provided by the server was REWRITTEN by the proxy.
	- : does not apply (no cookie set in configuration).

The 'capture' keyword allows to capture and log informations exchanged between
clients and servers. As of version 1.1.23, only cookies can be captured, which
makes it easy to track a complete user session. The syntax is :

    capture cookie <cookie_prefix> len <capture_length>

The FIRST cookie whose name starts with <cookie_prefix> will be captured, and
logged as 'NAME=value', without exceeding <capture_length> characters (64 max).
When the cookie name is fixed and known, it's preferable to suffix '=' to it to
ensure that no other cookie will be logged.

Examples :
----------
    # capture the first cookie whose name starts with "ASPSESSION"
    capture cookie ASPSESSION len 32

    # capture the first cookie whose name is exactly "vgnvisitor"
    capture cookie vgnvisitor= len 32

In the logs, the field preceeding the completion indicator contains the cookie
value as sent by the server, preceeded by the cookie value as sent by the
client. Each of these field is replaced with '-' when no cookie was seen.

4.2.5) Examples of logs
-----------------------
- haproxy[674]: 127.0.0.1:33319 [15/Oct/2003:08:31:57] relais-http Srv1 6559/7/147/6723 200 243 - - ---- "HEAD / HTTP/1.0"
  => long request (6.5s) entered by hand through 'telnet'. The server replied
     in 147 ms, and the session ended normally ('----')

- haproxy[18113]: 127.0.0.1:34548 [15/Oct/2003:15:18:55] relais-http <NOSRV> -1/-1/-1/8490 -1 0 - - CR-- "" 
  => the client never completed its request and aborted itself ('C---') after
     8.5s, while the proxy was waiting for the request headers ('-R--').
     Nothing was sent to the server.

- haproxy[18113]: 127.0.0.1:34549 [15/Oct/2003:15:19:06] relais-http <NOSRV> -1/-1/-1/50001 408 0 - - cR-- "" 
  => The client never completed its request, which was aborted by the time-out
     ('c---') after 50s, while the proxy was waiting for the request headers ('-R--').
     Nothing was sent to the server, but the proxy could send a 408 return code
     to the client.

- haproxy[18989]: 127.0.0.1:34550 [15/Oct/2003:15:24:28] relais-tcp Srv1 0/5007 0 cD 
  => This is a 'tcplog' entry. Client-side time-out ('c----') occured after 5s.

- haproxy[18989]: 10.0.0.1:34552 [15/Oct/2003:15:26:31] relais-http Srv1 3183/-1/-1/11215 503 0 - - SC-- "HEAD / HTTP/1.0" 
  => The request took 3s to complete (probably a network problem), and the
     connection to the server failed ('SC--') after 4 attemps of 2 seconds
     (config says 'retries 3'), then a 503 error code was sent to the client.

4.3) HTTP header manipulation
-----------------------------
In HTTP mode, it is possible to rewrite, add or delete some of the request and
response headers based on regular expressions. It is also possible to block a
request or a response if a particular header matches a regular expression,
which is enough to stops most elementary protocol attacks, and to protect
against information leak from the internal network. But there is a limitation
to this : since haproxy's HTTP engine knows nothing about keep-alive, only
headers passed during the first request of a TCP session will be seen. All
subsequent headers will be considered data only and not analyzed. Furthermore,
haproxy doesn't touch data contents, it stops at the end of headers.

The syntax is :
   reqadd    <string>             to add a header to the request
   reqrep    <search> <replace>   to modify the request
   reqirep   <search> <replace>   same, but ignoring the case
   reqdel    <search>             to delete a header in the request
   reqidel   <search>             same, but ignoring the case
   reqallow  <search>             definitely allow a request if a header matches <search>
   reqiallow <search>             same, but ignoring the case
   reqdeny   <search>             denies a request if a header matches <search>
   reqideny  <search>             same, but ignoring the case
   reqpass   <search>             ignore a header matching <search>
   reqipass  <search>             same, but ignoring the case

   rspadd   <string>              to add a header to the response
   rsprep   <search> <replace>    to modify the response
   rspirep  <search> <replace>    same, but ignoring the case
   rspdel   <search>              to delete the response
   rspidel  <search>              same, but ignoring the case


<search> is a POSIX regular expression (regex) which supports grouping through
parenthesis (without the backslash). Spaces and other delimiters must be
prefixed with a backslash ('\') to avoid confusion with a field delimiter.
Other characters may be prefixed with a backslash to change their meaning :

  \t   for a tab
  \r   for a carriage return (CR)
  \n   for a new line (LF)
  \    to mark a space and differentiate it from a delimiter
  \#   to mark a sharp and differentiate it from a comment
  \\   to use a backslash in a regex
  \\\\ to use a backslash in the text (*2 for regex, *2 for haproxy)
  \xXX to write the ASCII hex code XX as in the C language


<replace> containst the string to be used to replace the largest portion of text
matching the regex. It can make use of the special characters above, and can
reference a substring delimited by parenthesis in the regex, by the group
numerical order from 1 to 9. In this case, you would write a backslah ('\')
immediately followed by one digit indicating the group position.

<string> represents the string which will systematically be added after the last
header line. It can also use special characters above.

Notes :
-------
  - the first line is considered as a header, which makes it possible to rewrite
    or filter HTTP requests URIs or response codes.
  - 'reqrep' is the equivalent of 'cliexp' in version 1.0, and 'rsprep' is the
    equivalent of 'srvexp' in 1.0. Those names are still supported but
    deprecated.
  - for performances reasons, the number of characters added to a request or to
    a response is limited to 4096 since version 1.1.5 (it was 256 before). This
    value is easy to modify in the code if needed (#define). If it is too short
    on occasional uses, it is possible to gain some space by removing some
    useless headers before adding new ones.

Examples :
----------
	###### a few examples ######

	# rewrite 'online.fr' instead of 'free.fr' for GET and POST requests
	reqrep	^(GET\ .*)(.free.fr)(.*) \1.online.fr\3
	reqrep	^(POST\ .*)(.free.fr)(.*) \1.online.fr\3

	# force proxy connections to close
	reqirep	^Proxy-Connection:.*	Proxy-Connection:\ close
	# rewrite locations
	rspirep	^(Location:\ )([^:]*://[^/]*)(.*) \1\3

	###### A full configuration being used on production ######

        # Every header should end with a colon followed by one space.
        reqideny        ^[^:\ ]*[\ ]*$

        # block Apache chunk exploit
        reqideny        ^Transfer-Encoding:[\ ]*chunked
        reqideny        ^Host:\ apache-

        # block annoying worms that fill the logs...
        reqideny        ^[^:\ ]*\ .*(\.|%2e)(\.|%2e)(%2f|%5c|/|\\\\)
        reqideny        ^[^:\ ]*\ ([^\ ]*\ [^\ ]*\ |.*%00)
        reqideny        ^[^:\ ]*\ .*<script
        reqideny        ^[^:\ ]*\ .*/(root\.exe\?|cmd\.exe\?|default\.ida\?)

        # allow other syntactically valid requests, and block any other method
        reqipass        ^(GET|POST|HEAD|OPTIONS)\ /.*\ HTTP/1\.[01]$
        reqipass        ^OPTIONS\ \\*\ HTTP/1\.[01]$
        reqideny        ^[^:\ ]*\ 

        # force connection:close, thus disabling HTTP keep-alive
        reqidel         ^Connection:
        rspidel         ^Connection:
        reqadd          Connection:\ close
        rspadd          Connection:\ close

	# change the server name
        rspidel         ^Server:\ 
        rspadd          Server:\ Formilux/0.1.8


Last, the 'forwardfor' option creates an HTTP 'X-Forwarded-For' header which
contains the client's IP address. This is useful to let the final web server
know what the client address was (eg for statistics on domains).

Example :
---------
    listen http_proxy 0.0.0.0:80
	mode http
	log  global
	option httplog
	option dontlognull
	option forwardfor

4.4) Load balancing with persistence
------------------------------------

Combining cookie insertion with internal load balancing allows to transparently
bring persistence to applications. The principle is quite simple :
  - assign a cookie value to each server
  - enable the load balancing between servers
  - insert a cookie into responses resulting from the balancing algorithm
    (indirect accesses), end ensure that no upstream proxy will cache it.
  - remove the cookie in the request headers so that the application never sees
    it.

Example :
---------
    listen application 0.0.0.0:80
	mode http
	cookie SERVERID insert nocache indirect
	balance roundrobin
	server 192.168.1.1:80 cookie server01 check
	server 192.168.1.2:80 cookie server02 check

4.5) Customizing errors
-----------------------

Some situations can make haproxy return an HTTP error code to the client :
  - invalid or too long request => HTTP 400
  - request not completely sent in time => HTTP 408
  - forbidden request (matches a deny filter) => HTTP 403
  - internal error in haproxy => HTTP 500
  - the server returned an invalid or incomplete response => HTTP 502
  - no server was available to handle the request => HTTP 503
  - the server failed to reply in time => HTTP 504

A succint error message taken from the RFC accompanies these return codes.
But depending on the clients knowledge, it may be better to return custom, user
friendly, error pages. This is made possible through the use of the 'errorloc'
command :

    errorloc <HTTP_code> <location>

Instead of generating an HTTP error <HTTP_code> among those above, the proxy
will return a temporary redirection code (HTTP 302) towards the address
specified in <location>. This address may be either relative to the site or
absolute. Since this request will be handled by the client's browser, it's
mandatory that the returned address be reachable from the outside.

Example :
---------
    listen application 0.0.0.0:80
        errorloc 400 /badrequest.html
        errorloc 403 /forbidden.html
        errorloc 408 /toolong.html
	errorloc 500 http://haproxy.domain.net/bugreport.html
        errorloc 502 http://192.168.114.58/error50x.html
        errorloc 503 http://192.168.114.58/error50x.html
        errorloc 504 http://192.168.114.58/error50x.html

4.6) Modifying default values
-----------------------------

Version 1.1.22 introduced the notion of default values, which eliminates the
pain of often repeating common parameters between many instances, such as
logs, timeouts, modes, etc...

Default values are set in a 'defaults' section. Each of these section clears
all previously set default parameters, so there may be as many default
parameters as needed. Only the last one before a 'listen' section will be
used for this section. The 'defaults' section uses the same syntax as the
'listen' section, for the supported parameters. The 'defaults' keyword ignores
everything on its command line, so that fake instance names can be specified
there for better clarity.

In version 1.1.23, only those parameters can be preset in the 'default'
section :
  - log (the first and second one)
  - mode { tcp, http, health }
  - balance { roundrobin }
  - disabled (to disable every further instances)
  - enabled (to enable every further instances, this is the default)
  - contimeout, clitimeout, srvtimeout, grace, retries, maxconn
  - option { redispatch, transparent, keepalive, forwardfor, httplog,
             dontlognull, persist, httpchk }
  - redispatch, redisp, transparent, source { addr:port }
  - cookie, capture
  - errorloc

As of 1.1.24, it is not possible to put certain parameters in a 'defaults'
section, mainly regular expressions and server configurations :
  - dispatch, server,
  - req*, rsp*

Last, there's no way yet to change a boolean option from its assigned default
value. So if an 'option' statement is set in a 'defaults' section, the only
way to flush it is to redefine a new 'defaults' section without this 'option'.

Examples :
----------
    defaults applications TCP
	log global
	mode tcp
	balance roundrobin
	clitimeout 180000
	srvtimeout 180000
	contimeout 4000
	retries 3
	redispatch

    listen app_tcp1 10.0.0.1:6000-6063
	server srv1 192.168.1.1 check port 6000 inter 10000
	server srv2 192.168.1.2 backup

    listen app_tcp2 10.0.0.2:6000-6063
	server srv1 192.168.2.1 check port 6000 inter 10000
	server srv2 192.168.2.2 backup
    
    defaults applications HTTP
	log global
	mode http
	option httplog
	option forwardfor
	option dontlognull
	balance roundrobin
	clitimeout 20000
	srvtimeout 20000
	contimeout 4000
	retries 3

    listen app_http1 10.0.0.1:80-81
	cookie SERVERID postonly insert indirect
	capture cookie userid= len 10
	server srv1 192.168.1.1:+8000 cookie srv1 check port 8080 inter 1000
	server srv1 192.168.1.2:+8000 cookie srv2 check port 8080 inter 1000

    defaults
	# this empty section voids all default parameters

=========================
| System-specific setup |
=========================

Linux 2.4
=========

-- cut here --
#!/bin/sh
# set this to about 256/4M (16384 for 256M machine)
MAXFILES=16384
echo $MAXFILES > /proc/sys/fs/file-max
ulimit -n $MAXFILES

if [ -e /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_conntrack_max ]; then
	echo 65536 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_conntrack_max
fi

if [ -e /proc/sys/net/ipv4/netfilter/ip_ct_tcp_timeout_fin_wait ]; then
	# 30 seconds for fin, 15 for time wait
	echo 3000 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/netfilter/ip_ct_tcp_timeout_fin_wait
	echo 1500 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/netfilter/ip_ct_tcp_timeout_time_wait
	echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/netfilter/ip_ct_tcp_log_invalid_scale
	echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/netfilter/ip_ct_tcp_log_out_of_window
fi

echo 1024 60999 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range
echo 30 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_fin_timeout
echo 4096 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_max_syn_backlog
echo 262144 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_max_tw_buckets
echo 262144 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_max_orphans
echo 300 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_keepalive_time
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_tw_recycle
echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_timestamps
echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_ecn
echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_sack
echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_dsack

# auto-tuned on 2.4
#echo 262143 > /proc/sys/net/core/rmem_max
#echo 262143 > /proc/sys/net/core/rmem_default

echo 16384 65536 524288 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_rmem
echo 16384 349520 699040 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_wmem

-- cut here --


FreeBSD
=======

A FreeBSD port of HA-Proxy is now available and maintained, thanks to
Clement Laforet <sheepkiller@cultdeadsheep.org>.

For more information :
http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/url.cgi?ports/net/haproxy/pkg-descr
http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/cvsweb.cgi/ports/net/haproxy/
http://www.freshports.org/net/haproxy


-- end --