include/common/time.h

/*
 * include/common/time.h
 * Time calculation functions and macros.
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2000-2011 Willy Tarreau - w@1wt.eu
 *
 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation, version 2.1
 * exclusively.
 *
 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
 * Lesser General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
 */

#ifndef _COMMON_TIME_H
#define _COMMON_TIME_H

#include <inttypes.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <common/config.h>
#include <common/hathreads.h>
#include <common/standard.h>

/* eternity when exprimed in timeval */
#ifndef TV_ETERNITY
#define TV_ETERNITY     (~0UL)
#endif

/* eternity when exprimed in ms */
#ifndef TV_ETERNITY_MS
#define TV_ETERNITY_MS  (-1)
#endif

#define TIME_ETERNITY   (TV_ETERNITY_MS)

/* we want to be able to detect time jumps. Fix the maximum wait time to a low
 * value so that we know the time has changed if we wait longer.
 */
#define MAX_DELAY_MS    1000


/* returns the lowest delay amongst <old> and <new>, and respects TIME_ETERNITY */
#define MINTIME(old, new)	(((new)<0)?(old):(((old)<0||(new)<(old))?(new):(old)))
#define SETNOW(a)		(*a=now)

extern THREAD_LOCAL unsigned int   curr_sec_ms;      /* millisecond of current second (0..999) */
extern THREAD_LOCAL unsigned int   ms_left_scaled;   /* milliseconds left for current second (0..2^32-1) */
extern THREAD_LOCAL unsigned int   curr_sec_ms_scaled;  /* millisecond of current second (0..2^32-1) */
extern THREAD_LOCAL unsigned int   now_ms;           /* internal date in milliseconds (may wrap) */
extern THREAD_LOCAL unsigned int   samp_time;        /* total elapsed time over current sample */
extern THREAD_LOCAL unsigned int   idle_time;        /* total idle time over current sample */
extern THREAD_LOCAL struct timeval now;              /* internal date is a monotonic function of real clock */
extern THREAD_LOCAL struct timeval date;             /* the real current date */
extern struct timeval start_date;       /* the process's start date */
extern THREAD_LOCAL struct timeval before_poll;      /* system date before calling poll() */
extern THREAD_LOCAL struct timeval after_poll;       /* system date after leaving poll() */


/**** exported functions *************************************************/
/*
 * adds <ms> ms to <from>, set the result to <tv> and returns a pointer <tv>
 */
REGPRM3 struct timeval *tv_ms_add(struct timeval *tv, const struct timeval *from, int ms);

/*
 * compares <tv1> and <tv2> modulo 1ms: returns 0 if equal, -1 if tv1 < tv2, 1 if tv1 > tv2
 * Must not be used when either argument is eternity. Use tv_ms_cmp2() for that.
 */
REGPRM2 int tv_ms_cmp(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2);

/*
 * compares <tv1> and <tv2> modulo 1 ms: returns 0 if equal, -1 if tv1 < tv2, 1 if tv1 > tv2,
 * assuming that TV_ETERNITY is greater than everything.
 */
REGPRM2 int tv_ms_cmp2(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2);

/**** general purpose functions and macros *******************************/


/* tv_now: sets <tv> to the current time */
REGPRM1 static inline struct timeval *tv_now(struct timeval *tv)
{
	gettimeofday(tv, NULL);
	return tv;
}

/* tv_udpate_date: sets <date> to system time, and sets <now> to something as
 * close as possible to real time, following a monotonic function. The main
 * principle consists in detecting backwards and forwards time jumps and adjust
 * an offset to correct them. This function should be called only once after
 * each poll. The poll's timeout should be passed in <max_wait>, and the return
 * value in <interrupted> (a non-zero value means that we have not expired the
 * timeout).
 */
REGPRM2 void tv_update_date(int max_wait, int interrupted);

/*
 * sets a struct timeval to its highest value so that it can never happen
 * note that only tv_usec is necessary to detect it since a tv_usec > 999999
 * is normally not possible.
 */
REGPRM1 static inline struct timeval *tv_eternity(struct timeval *tv)
{
	tv->tv_sec  = (typeof(tv->tv_sec))TV_ETERNITY;
	tv->tv_usec = (typeof(tv->tv_usec))TV_ETERNITY;
	return tv;
}

/*
 * sets a struct timeval to 0
 *
 */
REGPRM1 static inline struct timeval *tv_zero(struct timeval *tv) {
	tv->tv_sec = tv->tv_usec = 0;
	return tv;
}

/*
 * returns non null if tv is [eternity], otherwise 0.
 */
#define tv_iseternity(tv)       ((tv)->tv_usec == (typeof((tv)->tv_usec))TV_ETERNITY)

/*
 * returns 0 if tv is [eternity], otherwise non-zero.
 */
#define tv_isset(tv)       ((tv)->tv_usec != (typeof((tv)->tv_usec))TV_ETERNITY)

/*
 * returns non null if tv is [0], otherwise 0.
 */
#define tv_iszero(tv)           (((tv)->tv_sec | (tv)->tv_usec) == 0)

/*
 * Converts a struct timeval to a number of milliseconds.
 */
REGPRM1 static inline unsigned long __tv_to_ms(const struct timeval *tv)
{
	unsigned long ret;

	ret  = tv->tv_sec * 1000;
	ret += tv->tv_usec / 1000;
	return ret;
}

/*
 * Converts a struct timeval to a number of milliseconds.
 */
REGPRM2 static inline struct timeval * __tv_from_ms(struct timeval *tv, unsigned long ms)
{
	tv->tv_sec = ms / 1000;
	tv->tv_usec = (ms % 1000) * 1000;
	return tv;
}

/* Return a number of 1024Hz ticks between 0 and 1023 for input number of
 * usecs between 0 and 999999. This function has been optimized to remove
 * any divide and multiply, as it is completely optimized away by the compiler
 * on CPUs which don't have a fast multiply. Its avg error rate is 305 ppm,
 * which is almost twice as low as a direct usec to ms conversion. This version
 * also has the benefit of returning 1024 for 1000000.
 */
REGPRM1 static inline unsigned int __usec_to_1024th(unsigned int usec)
{
	return (usec * 1073 + 742516) >> 20;
}


/**** comparison functions and macros ***********************************/


/* tv_cmp: compares <tv1> and <tv2> : returns 0 if equal, -1 if tv1 < tv2, 1 if tv1 > tv2. */
REGPRM2 static inline int __tv_cmp(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2)
{
	if ((unsigned)tv1->tv_sec < (unsigned)tv2->tv_sec)
		return -1;
	else if ((unsigned)tv1->tv_sec > (unsigned)tv2->tv_sec)
		return 1;
	else if ((unsigned)tv1->tv_usec < (unsigned)tv2->tv_usec)
		return -1;
	else if ((unsigned)tv1->tv_usec > (unsigned)tv2->tv_usec)
		return 1;
	else
		return 0;
}

/* tv_iseq: compares <tv1> and <tv2> : returns 1 if tv1 == tv2, otherwise 0 */
#define tv_iseq __tv_iseq
REGPRM2 static inline int __tv_iseq(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2)
{
	return ((unsigned)tv1->tv_sec  == (unsigned)tv2->tv_sec) &&
		((unsigned)tv1->tv_usec == (unsigned)tv2->tv_usec);
}

/* tv_isgt: compares <tv1> and <tv2> : returns 1 if tv1 > tv2, otherwise 0 */
#define tv_isgt _tv_isgt
REGPRM2 int _tv_isgt(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2);
REGPRM2 static inline int __tv_isgt(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2)
{
	return
		((unsigned)tv1->tv_sec  == (unsigned)tv2->tv_sec) ?
		((unsigned)tv1->tv_usec >  (unsigned)tv2->tv_usec) :
		((unsigned)tv1->tv_sec  >  (unsigned)tv2->tv_sec);
}

/* tv_isge: compares <tv1> and <tv2> : returns 1 if tv1 >= tv2, otherwise 0 */
#define tv_isge __tv_isge
REGPRM2 static inline int __tv_isge(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2)
{
	return
		((unsigned)tv1->tv_sec  == (unsigned)tv2->tv_sec) ?
		((unsigned)tv1->tv_usec >= (unsigned)tv2->tv_usec) :
		((unsigned)tv1->tv_sec  >  (unsigned)tv2->tv_sec);
}

/* tv_islt: compares <tv1> and <tv2> : returns 1 if tv1 < tv2, otherwise 0 */
#define tv_islt __tv_islt
REGPRM2 static inline int __tv_islt(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2)
{
	return
		((unsigned)tv1->tv_sec  == (unsigned)tv2->tv_sec) ?
		((unsigned)tv1->tv_usec <  (unsigned)tv2->tv_usec) :
		((unsigned)tv1->tv_sec  <  (unsigned)tv2->tv_sec);
}

/* tv_isle: compares <tv1> and <tv2> : returns 1 if tv1 <= tv2, otherwise 0 */
#define tv_isle _tv_isle
REGPRM2 int _tv_isle(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2);
REGPRM2 static inline int __tv_isle(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2)
{
	return
		((unsigned)tv1->tv_sec  == (unsigned)tv2->tv_sec) ?
		((unsigned)tv1->tv_usec <= (unsigned)tv2->tv_usec) :
		((unsigned)tv1->tv_sec  <  (unsigned)tv2->tv_sec);
}

/*
 * compares <tv1> and <tv2> modulo 1ms: returns 0 if equal, -1 if tv1 < tv2, 1 if tv1 > tv2
 * Must not be used when either argument is eternity. Use tv_ms_cmp2() for that.
 */
#define tv_ms_cmp _tv_ms_cmp
REGPRM2 int _tv_ms_cmp(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2);
REGPRM2 static inline int __tv_ms_cmp(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2)
{
	if ((unsigned)tv1->tv_sec == (unsigned)tv2->tv_sec) {
		if ((unsigned)tv2->tv_usec >= (unsigned)tv1->tv_usec + 1000)
			return -1;
		else if ((unsigned)tv1->tv_usec >= (unsigned)tv2->tv_usec + 1000)
			return 1;
		else
			return 0;
	}
	else if (((unsigned)tv2->tv_sec > (unsigned)tv1->tv_sec + 1) ||
		 (((unsigned)tv2->tv_sec == (unsigned)tv1->tv_sec + 1) &&
		  ((unsigned)tv2->tv_usec + 1000000 >= (unsigned)tv1->tv_usec + 1000)))
		return -1;
	else if (((unsigned)tv1->tv_sec > (unsigned)tv2->tv_sec + 1) ||
		 (((unsigned)tv1->tv_sec == (unsigned)tv2->tv_sec + 1) &&
		  ((unsigned)tv1->tv_usec + 1000000 >= (unsigned)tv2->tv_usec + 1000)))
		return 1;
	else
		return 0;
}

/*
 * compares <tv1> and <tv2> modulo 1 ms: returns 0 if equal, -1 if tv1 < tv2, 1 if tv1 > tv2,
 * assuming that TV_ETERNITY is greater than everything.
 */
#define tv_ms_cmp2 _tv_ms_cmp2
REGPRM2 int _tv_ms_cmp2(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2);
REGPRM2 static inline int __tv_ms_cmp2(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2)
{
	if (tv_iseternity(tv1))
		if (tv_iseternity(tv2))
			return 0; /* same */
		else
			return 1; /* tv1 later than tv2 */
	else if (tv_iseternity(tv2))
		return -1; /* tv2 later than tv1 */
	return tv_ms_cmp(tv1, tv2);
}

/*
 * compares <tv1> and <tv2> modulo 1 ms: returns 1 if tv1 <= tv2, 0 if tv1 > tv2,
 * assuming that TV_ETERNITY is greater than everything. Returns 0 if tv1 is
 * TV_ETERNITY, and always assumes that tv2 != TV_ETERNITY. Designed to replace
 * occurrences of (tv_ms_cmp2(tv,now) <= 0).
 */
#define tv_ms_le2 _tv_ms_le2
REGPRM2 int _tv_ms_le2(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2);
REGPRM2 static inline int __tv_ms_le2(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2)
{
	if (likely((unsigned)tv1->tv_sec > (unsigned)tv2->tv_sec + 1))
		return 0;

	if (likely((unsigned)tv1->tv_sec < (unsigned)tv2->tv_sec))
		return 1;

	if (likely((unsigned)tv1->tv_sec == (unsigned)tv2->tv_sec)) {
		if ((unsigned)tv2->tv_usec >= (unsigned)tv1->tv_usec + 1000)
			return 1;
		else
			return 0;
	}

	if (unlikely(((unsigned)tv1->tv_sec == (unsigned)tv2->tv_sec + 1) &&
		     ((unsigned)tv1->tv_usec + 1000000 >= (unsigned)tv2->tv_usec + 1000)))
		return 0;
	else
		return 1;
}


/**** operators **********************************************************/


/*
 * Returns the time in ms elapsed between tv1 and tv2, assuming that tv1<=tv2.
 * Must not be used when either argument is eternity.
 */
#define tv_ms_elapsed __tv_ms_elapsed
REGPRM2 unsigned long _tv_ms_elapsed(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2);
REGPRM2 static inline unsigned long __tv_ms_elapsed(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2)
{
	unsigned long ret;

	ret  = ((signed long)(tv2->tv_sec  - tv1->tv_sec))  * 1000;
	ret += ((signed long)(tv2->tv_usec - tv1->tv_usec)) / 1000;
	return ret;
}

/*
 * returns the remaining time between tv1=now and event=tv2
 * if tv2 is passed, 0 is returned.
 * Must not be used when either argument is eternity.
 */

#define tv_ms_remain __tv_ms_remain
REGPRM2 unsigned long _tv_ms_remain(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2);
REGPRM2 static inline unsigned long __tv_ms_remain(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2)
{
	if (tv_ms_cmp(tv1, tv2) >= 0)
		return 0; /* event elapsed */

	return __tv_ms_elapsed(tv1, tv2);
}

/*
 * returns the remaining time between tv1=now and event=tv2
 * if tv2 is passed, 0 is returned.
 * Returns TIME_ETERNITY if tv2 is eternity.
 */
#define tv_ms_remain2 _tv_ms_remain2
REGPRM2 unsigned long _tv_ms_remain2(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2);
REGPRM2 static inline unsigned long __tv_ms_remain2(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2)
{
	if (tv_iseternity(tv2))
		return TIME_ETERNITY;

	return tv_ms_remain(tv1, tv2);
}

/*
 * adds <inc> to <from>, set the result to <tv> and returns a pointer <tv>
 */
#define tv_add _tv_add
REGPRM3 struct timeval *_tv_add(struct timeval *tv, const struct timeval *from, const struct timeval *inc);
REGPRM3 static inline struct timeval *__tv_add(struct timeval *tv, const struct timeval *from, const struct timeval *inc)
{
	tv->tv_usec = from->tv_usec + inc->tv_usec;
	tv->tv_sec  = from->tv_sec  + inc->tv_sec;
	if (tv->tv_usec >= 1000000) {
		tv->tv_usec -= 1000000;
		tv->tv_sec++;
	}
	return tv;
}


/*
 * If <inc> is set, then add it to <from> and set the result to <tv>, then
 * return 1, otherwise return 0. It is meant to be used in if conditions.
 */
#define tv_add_ifset _tv_add_ifset
REGPRM3 int _tv_add_ifset(struct timeval *tv, const struct timeval *from, const struct timeval *inc);
REGPRM3 static inline int __tv_add_ifset(struct timeval *tv, const struct timeval *from, const struct timeval *inc)
{
	if (tv_iseternity(inc))
		return 0;
	tv->tv_usec = from->tv_usec + inc->tv_usec;
	tv->tv_sec  = from->tv_sec  + inc->tv_sec;
	if (tv->tv_usec >= 1000000) {
		tv->tv_usec -= 1000000;
		tv->tv_sec++;
	}
	return 1;
}

/*
 * adds <inc> to <tv> and returns a pointer <tv>
 */
REGPRM2 static inline struct timeval *__tv_add2(struct timeval *tv, const struct timeval *inc)
{
	tv->tv_usec += inc->tv_usec;
	tv->tv_sec  += inc->tv_sec;
	if (tv->tv_usec >= 1000000) {
		tv->tv_usec -= 1000000;
		tv->tv_sec++;
	}
	return tv;
}


/*
 * Computes the remaining time between tv1=now and event=tv2. if tv2 is passed,
 * 0 is returned. The result is stored into tv.
 */
#define tv_remain _tv_remain
REGPRM3 struct timeval *_tv_remain(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2, struct timeval *tv);
REGPRM3 static inline struct timeval *__tv_remain(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2, struct timeval *tv)
{
	tv->tv_usec = tv2->tv_usec - tv1->tv_usec;
	tv->tv_sec  = tv2->tv_sec  - tv1->tv_sec;
	if ((signed)tv->tv_sec > 0) {
		if ((signed)tv->tv_usec < 0) {
			tv->tv_usec += 1000000;
			tv->tv_sec--;
		}
	} else if (tv->tv_sec == 0) {
		if ((signed)tv->tv_usec < 0)
			tv->tv_usec = 0;
	} else {
		tv->tv_sec = 0;
		tv->tv_usec = 0;
	}
 	return tv;
}


/*
 * Computes the remaining time between tv1=now and event=tv2. if tv2 is passed,
 * 0 is returned. The result is stored into tv. Returns ETERNITY if tv2 is
 * eternity.
 */
#define tv_remain2 _tv_remain2
REGPRM3 struct timeval *_tv_remain2(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2, struct timeval *tv);
REGPRM3 static inline struct timeval *__tv_remain2(const struct timeval *tv1, const struct timeval *tv2, struct timeval *tv)
{
	if (tv_iseternity(tv2))
		return tv_eternity(tv);
	return __tv_remain(tv1, tv2, tv);
}


/*
 * adds <ms> ms to <from>, set the result to <tv> and returns a pointer <tv>
 */
#define tv_ms_add _tv_ms_add
REGPRM3 struct timeval *_tv_ms_add(struct timeval *tv, const struct timeval *from, int ms);
REGPRM3 static inline struct timeval *__tv_ms_add(struct timeval *tv, const struct timeval *from, int ms)
{
	tv->tv_usec = from->tv_usec + (ms % 1000) * 1000;
	tv->tv_sec  = from->tv_sec  + (ms / 1000);
	while (tv->tv_usec >= 1000000) {
		tv->tv_usec -= 1000000;
		tv->tv_sec++;
	}
	return tv;
}


/*
 * compares <tv1> and <tv2> : returns 1 if <tv1> is before <tv2>, otherwise 0.
 * This should be very fast because it's used in schedulers.
 * It has been optimized to return 1  (so call it in a loop which continues
 * as long as tv1<=tv2)
 */

#define tv_isbefore(tv1, tv2)                                               \
	(unlikely((unsigned)(tv1)->tv_sec < (unsigned)(tv2)->tv_sec) ? 1 :  \
	 (unlikely((unsigned)(tv1)->tv_sec > (unsigned)(tv2)->tv_sec) ? 0 : \
	  unlikely((unsigned)(tv1)->tv_usec < (unsigned)(tv2)->tv_usec)))

/*
 * returns the first event between <tv1> and <tv2> into <tvmin>.
 * a zero tv is ignored. <tvmin> is returned. If <tvmin> is known
 * to be the same as <tv1> or <tv2>, it is recommended to use
 * tv_bound instead.
 */
#define tv_min(tvmin, tv1, tv2) ({      \
        if (tv_isbefore(tv1, tv2)) {    \
                *tvmin = *tv1;          \
        }                               \
        else {                          \
                *tvmin = *tv2;          \
        }                               \
        tvmin;                          \
})

/*
 * returns the first event between <tv1> and <tv2> into <tvmin>.
 * a zero tv is ignored. <tvmin> is returned. This function has been
 * optimized to be called as tv_min(a,a,b) or tv_min(b,a,b).
 */
#define tv_bound(tv1, tv2) ({      \
        if (tv_isbefore(tv2, tv1)) \
                  *tv1 = *tv2;     \
        tv1;                       \
})

/* returns the system's monotonic time in nanoseconds if supported, otherwise zero */
static inline uint64_t now_mono_time()
{
#if (_POSIX_TIMERS > 0) && defined(_POSIX_MONOTONIC_CLOCK)
	struct timespec ts;
	clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
	return ts.tv_sec * 1000000000ULL + ts.tv_nsec;
#else
	return 0;
#endif
}

/* returns the current thread's cumulated CPU time in nanoseconds if supported, otherwise zero */
static inline uint64_t now_cpu_time()
{
#if (_POSIX_TIMERS > 0) && defined(_POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME)
	struct timespec ts;
	clock_gettime(CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID, &ts);
	return ts.tv_sec * 1000000000ULL + ts.tv_nsec;
#else
	return 0;
#endif
}

/* returns another thread's cumulated CPU time in nanoseconds if supported, otherwise zero */
static inline uint64_t now_cpu_time_thread(const struct thread_info *thr)
{
#if (_POSIX_TIMERS > 0) && defined(_POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME)
	struct timespec ts;
	clock_gettime(thr->clock_id, &ts);
	return ts.tv_sec * 1000000000ULL + ts.tv_nsec;
#else
	return 0;
#endif
}

/* Update the idle time value twice a second, to be called after
 * tv_update_date() when called after poll(). It relies on <before_poll> to be
 * updated to the system time before calling poll().
 */
static inline void measure_idle()
{
	/* Let's compute the idle to work ratio. We worked between after_poll
	 * and before_poll, and slept between before_poll and date. The idle_pct
	 * is updated at most twice every second. Note that the current second
	 * rarely changes so we avoid a multiply when not needed.
	 */
	int delta;

	if ((delta = date.tv_sec - before_poll.tv_sec))
		delta *= 1000000;
	idle_time += delta + (date.tv_usec - before_poll.tv_usec);

	if ((delta = date.tv_sec - after_poll.tv_sec))
		delta *= 1000000;
	samp_time += delta + (date.tv_usec - after_poll.tv_usec);

	after_poll.tv_sec = date.tv_sec; after_poll.tv_usec = date.tv_usec;
	if (samp_time < 500000)
		return;

	ti->idle_pct = (100 * idle_time + samp_time / 2) / samp_time;
	idle_time = samp_time = 0;
}

/* Collect date and time information before calling poll(). This will be used
 * to count the run time of the past loop and the sleep time of the next poll.
 */
static inline void tv_entering_poll()
{
	gettimeofday(&before_poll, NULL);
}

/* Collect date and time information after leaving poll(). <timeout> must be
 * set to the maximum sleep time passed to poll (in milliseconds), and
 * <interrupted> must be zero if the poller reached the timeout or non-zero
 * otherwise, which generally is provided by the poller's return value.
 */
static inline void tv_leaving_poll(int timeout, int interrupted)
{
	measure_idle();
	ti->prev_cpu_time  = now_cpu_time();
	ti->prev_mono_time = now_mono_time();
}

#endif /* _COMMON_TIME_H */

/*
 * Local variables:
 *  c-indent-level: 8
 *  c-basic-offset: 8
 * End:
 */