DOC: add a CONTRIBUTING file

This file tries to explain in the most detailed way how to contribute
patches. A few parts of it were moved from the README. .gitignore was
updated.
(cherry picked from commit 11e334d972664c6964e3bac23c7da31c367bfbcb)

[It will help to have this one in 1.5 as well to help bug reporters]
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index a7b557a..940c2df 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@
 !/LICENSE
 !/Makefile
 !/README
+!/CONTRIBUTING
 !/ROADMAP
 !/SUBVERS
 !/VERDATE